Tribunals

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Original constitution do not
have tribunals. 42nd CAA included it (Swaran Singh Committee recommended)
</li>
</ul>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>‘Tribunal’ is a
/span>administrative body established for the purpose
of discharging quasi-judicial
duties. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>An Administrative Tribunal
is neither a Court
nor an executive body rather a midway between the two. However, Tribunals
are part of Judiciary system ( Chandra Kumar Case 1997)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Tribunal has to observe
the principles of natural justice or act in accordance with the
statutory provisions under which the Tribunal is established. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Source of power for creation
of Tribunals </li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Constitution - 323A
(Administrative) , 323B (certain subjects) , 262 (inter-state river
waters) etc.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Legislation Ex: NGT Act,
Companies Act, Armed Forces Tribunal Act </li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article
323A deals with administrative tribunals. </li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Only Parliament empowered to create
administrative tribunals for adjudication of disputes of recruitment and
service conditions of central, state, local, public
corporations and other public authorities </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985- An Act to provide for the
adjudication by Administrative Tribunals of disputes with respect to
recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public
services.</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Establishment of Central
Administrative Tribunal - matters related to central authorities</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>State Administrative
Tribunals - matters related to state authorities - formed by GOI on
request of States</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Joint Administrative
Tribunals - two or more states request </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Only one level of
tribunals. No hierarchy of administrative tribunals (no original/appellate)<
/li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article
323B deals with tribunals for other matters.</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>both Parliament and state legislatures are
authorized to establish tribunals for various purposes like taxation,
foreign exchange, industry and labour disputes, import and exports
across customs frontiers, 
ceiling
on urban property, rent, food stuffs, elections to Parliament and state legislatures etc.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Hierarchy of tribunals can
be made (original, appellate etc.)</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 262 empowered
Inter-state Water disputes tribunal</li>
</ul>
 
 
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Cyber
Appellate Tribunal (CyAT)
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
matters
related to information technology
</td>
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</td>
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Telecom
Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Telecom
disputes
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2548in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
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National
Green Tribunal
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
NGT
Act 2010
Cases
related to environment protection
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2833in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Disposal
within 6 months
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:3.0437in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
River
water disputes tribunal
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Under Article 262. But not
under 323B
</td>
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</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:3.0437in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
National
Company Law Tribunal NCLT
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Matters
related to companies; Companies Act 2013
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2548in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
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National
GST appellate tribunal 
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
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</td>
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Securities
Appellate Tribunal 
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
to
hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the Securities and
Exchange Board of India or by an adjudicating officer under the Act 
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2548in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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Debt
Recovery Tribunal
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Recovery
of Debts Act 1993
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2548in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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Central
Administrative Tribunal
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Matters
related to public servants. Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2548in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:3.0437in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Real
Estate Appellate Tribunals
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.6361in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
RERA
Act 2016
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2833in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Within
60 days
</td>
</tr>
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Foreign
Tribunals
</td>
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Foreigners
(Tribunals) Order, 1964 under Foreigners Act 1964
</td>
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<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt="Imp Prelims" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> Constitution provided to Parliament/State legislature for tribunals to adjudicate election disputes
to Parliament and State legislature. So far, no such tribunal is established (Art.
323B).</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>According
to the constitution, a direct right of appeal to the Supreme Court from tribunals is
conferred. However, 
SC held in
Chandra Kumar Case, 1997 that appeals first go to HC</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>323A, 323B
excludes jurisdiction of all courts except SC under Article 136 (Special
Leave petition)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
 
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Rojer
Mathew case 2019
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:2.902in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Tribunal
members appointment
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.2625in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.1993in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Qualification and
appointment rules w.r.t Tribunals</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Qualification
and appointment rules w.r.t Tribunal members conferred primacy on
Government which is invalid </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Lack of
judicial dominance in the Search-cum-Selection Committee is in direct
contravention of the doctrine of separation of powers and an
encroachment on the judicial domain</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Quashed
Tribunal, Appellate Tribunal and other Authorities
(Qualifications, Experience and other Conditions of Service of
Members) Rules, 2017</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>However,
Central Govt is empowered to frame rules related to tribunals</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Members of tribunals
should not be given rank and status akin to Constitutional
functionaries </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
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<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="CentralAdministrativeTribunalCAT">Central Administrative Tribunal CAT</h2>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>established by the
Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Mandate: Adjudication of
disputes with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons
appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of
the Union or other local authorities within the territory of India or
under the control of Government of India and all such connected matters</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>All India services, central
civil services, central civil posts, civilian employees in defence
forces </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>USP: </li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It is not bound by the
procedure laid down in the Civil Procedure Code. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Guided by principles of
natural justice</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Multi member body consisting
of members drawn from both the judicial and administrative streams</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Members appointed by
President and status of High court judges </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Secretarial staff of Parliament,
defence forces, servants of SC are excluded
from it.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Appeals against CAT decisions should first be
appealed to High Court and later SC</li>
</ul>
 
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="NationalCompanyLawTribunalNCLT">National Company Law Tribunal NCLT</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Statutory, Constituted by
the Corporate Affairs Ministry in June 2016</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Under the Companies
Act, 2013 [created 4 statutory bodies Tribunal, Reporting, Fraud,
Education]</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It replaced Company Law Board (CLB)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It has been set up at 10
locations, including the national capital, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and
Chennai</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Powers: To delegate inquiry
related to proceedings before it, securing assistance of a magistrate or
collector to take possession of property etc.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Finish case in three months</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Appeal: NCLAT</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Cases</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Arbitration, compromise,
Merger & Acquisition </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Converting Public ltd. To
private ltd.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Filing Class action suits
(Satyam investors)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
 
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="NationalGreenTribunal">National Green Tribunal</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Established under the
National Green Tribunal Act 2010 => Statutory body</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Mandate</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>effective and expeditious
disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation
of forests and other natural resources </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>enforcement of any legal
right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for
damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>disposal of applications or
appeals finally within 6 months of filing </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural
justice.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>New Delhi is the Principal
Place of Sitting of the Tribunal and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai
shall be the other four place of sitting of the Tribunal</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It adjudicates matters
relating to following Acts-</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Air (Prevention and Control
of Pollution) Act, 1981</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986 </li>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt="Imp Prelims" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> The Public
Liability Insurance Act, 1991</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Forest
Conservation Act 1980</spa
n></li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Biological Diversity Act
2002</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<img
width=16 height=16 alt="Imp Prelims" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"><img
width=16 height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> Note: Wildlife protection Act 1972, Indian Forest Act
1927, Forest Rights Act 2006 is not under jurisdiction of NGT
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>India is the third country
to have full-fledged green tribunal after New Zealand and Australia.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Consequent on coming into
effect of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, the National Environment
Tribunal Act stands repealed. </li>
</ul>
It had earlier proposed to establish a National Environment
Tribunal under the National Environment Tribunal, Act 1995. But the National
Environment Tribunal never became functional
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>National Green Tribunal
(NGT) sets stringent conditions for commercial use of Groundwater</li>
</ul>
</ul>