World Bank Group

Headquarters - Washington DC
Bretton Woods institute
Comprises of 5 institutions

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)	Provides loan to average developing country
International Development Association (IDA)	Provides loan called credits (sometimes grants) to poor developing countries
International Finance Corporation (IFC)	Promotes investment in Private sector
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)	Ensures investment and credit investment
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)	Promotes and settles the matter of investor between two countries

Mission

To end extreme poverty
To promote shared prosperity

Functions

Financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world.
We are not a bank in the ordinary sense but a unique partnership to reduce poverty and support development.
Low-interest loans, zero to low-interest credits, and grants to developing countries. These support a wide array of investments in such areas as education, health, public administration, infrastructure, financial and private sector development, agriculture, and environmental and natural resource management.

Reports

Ease of Doing Business
Ease of Living Index
Global Economics Prospects
Global Investment Competitiveness report(Global Competitiveness Report - WEF)
Global Financial Development Report
World Development Report
Universal Health Coverage Index
Remittance Report [Not IMF]

India Development Update

State of Electricity Access Report
International Debt Statistics
Logistics Performance Index [NOT WEF]

Funds

Global Environmental Facility [one of partner]
Green Climate Fund [Interim Trustee]
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
Biocarbon Fund
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund [one of partner]

Programmes/Projects in India

Integrated Coastal Management Project
Ecosystem Service Improvement Project ESIC of MP and Chattisgarh through GEF trust
National Agricultural Higher Education Project
Early Warning Dissemination System (EWDS) project in Odisha
Innovation in India for Inclusiveness Project
Atal Bhujal Yojana
TEQIP
Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Plan
Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme
SANKALP and STRIVE
Project Tejaswini

International Comparison Programme is a global statistical initiative by World Bank Group under UN Statistical Commission which supports inter-country comparisons of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and its components, in terms of PPP

India is participating in the programme (Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation )

Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES
International Consortium to Combat Wildlife Crime (CITES, INTERPOL,UN Office on Drugs and Crime, WB, World Customs Organisation]
Global Wildlife Program (WB, UNDP, UNEP, ADB)
2030 Water Resources Group (International Finance Corporation)

World Banks Vs IMF

First came IMF and then World Bank

World Bank	IMF	BIS
Bretton Woods Agreement in 1945.	Bretton Woods Agreement in 1945.
World Bank’s goal is to reduce poverty	IMF exists primarily to stabilize exchange rates
bank loans, however, are not used as a type of bailout, as in IMF style, but as a fund for projects that help develop an underdeveloped or emerging market nation and make it more productive economically Mainly funds loans to Govts, some cases private businesses and nonprofit organisations	IMF also provides loans and helps countries develop policy programs that solve balance of payment problems if a country cannot obtain financing sufficient to meet its international obligations	monetary and financial stability, to foster international cooperation in those areas and to act as a bank for central banks.
long-term economic development by makin technical and financial support available to countries.	promotes monetary cooperation internationally and offers advice and assistance to facilitate building and maintaining a country’s economy.	Global Code of Conduct for the Foreign Exchange Markets
To become a member of World Bank, a country must first join the IMF		Customers: Central banks and international organisations NO private individuals/business
	International Monetary and Financial Committee IMFC	Global Foreign Exchange Committee

International Monetary Fund IMF

Created in 1945
Headquarters: Washington DC
Bretton Woods institute
Founded to avoid a repetition of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Mandate

Stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates a international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other

Monitors economic and financial policies of member countries and highlights possible risks to stability and advises on needed policy adjustments
provide loans to member countries experiencing actual or potential balance of payments problems
capacity development—technical assistance and training
Facilitate international trade,
promote high employment and
sustainable economic growth, and
reduce poverty around the world
make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
Helps economies in distress

Organisation

IMF mobilise resources for financing through Quotas, General Arrangements to Borrow, New Arrangements to borrow, Bilateral Borrowing agreements

Quotes are major, permanent, primary, first line of resource mobilisation and been used since its inception
General Arrangements to Borrow is second line of resource mobilisation under which G10 countries agreed to provide additional funds (in addition to their quotas) to increase IMF lending ability
New Arrangements to Borrow is second line of resource mobilisation and been used since global financial crisis 2009 for supplementing IMF resources to meet additional lending requirements
Bilateral borrowing agreements is third line of resource mobilisation under which countries agree provide additional funds through the bilateral borrowing agreements to increase IMF lending ability

Quotas

Quota subscriptions are a major component of the IMF’s financial resources. Each member country of the IMF is assigned a quota, based broadly on its relative position in the world economy.

Note: Not size of the economy
Quota formula is a weighted average of GDP (weight of 50 percent), openness (30 percent), economic variability (15 percent), and international reserves (5 percent).

Quotas determine the size of contingency funds at the disposal of the IMF to lend to countries in need of help,
Quotas are supposed to be reviewed every five years although these reviews can be delayed

IMF is funded through its members and their quota contribution.
Countries have to mandatorily provide their respective quotas to IMF. Of this Quota, a Country can withdraw portion of Quota without any interest (i.e. called Reverse Tranche). A Country can also borrow 100 percent of quota but with interest (credit tranche) after leaving Reverse Tranche

Special Drawing Rights (SDR)

The SDR is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement its member countries’ official reservesSDR can only be hold by IMF member countries but not individuals, investment companies or corporations
Refer economy hard copy notes page 5e11 [US Dollar, Euro, China Yuan/Renminbi, Japanese Yen, UK Pound/Sterling]

Reverse Tranche Position RTP

IMF is funded through its members and their quota contributions. The reserve tranche is basically an emergency account that IMF members can access at any time without agreeing to conditions or paying a service fee. In other words, a portion of a member country’s quota can be withdrawn free charge/interest at its own discretion.
Therefore, RTP is part of Quota where member countries can draw anytime without any conditions without any charge/fee

Country Representation

Unlike the General Assembly of the United Nations, where each country has one vote, decision making at the IMF was designed to reflect the relative positions of its member countries in the global economy.
The IMF continues to undertake reforms to ensure that its governance structure adequately reflects fundamental changes taking place in the world economy.

International Monetary and Financial Committee IMFC

IMFC advises and reports to the IMF Board of Governors on the supervision and management of the international monetary and financial system, including on responses to unfolding events that may disrupt the system.
IMFC has 24 members who are central bank governors, ministers, or others of comparable rank and who are usually drawn from the governors of the Fund’s 189 member cou tries.
Our Constituency consisting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Sri Lanka [Note: Not Nepal]

Reports

World Economic Outlook [Economic Outlook by OECD]
Global Financial Stability Report

Criticism

IMF not reforming its governance structure. The size of Chinese economy, same as USA. Yet Chinese voting power in IMF = 1/3rd of American voting power.

Oct 2019, review of Quotas and funding, postponed the changes to voting structure and extended the New Arrangement to Borrow mechanism for supplementary funds

Activities

South Asia Regional Training and Technical Assistance Center (SARTTAC)

It is collaborative venture between the IMF, the member countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka), and development partners
Its strategic goal is to help its member countries to strengthen their institutional and human capacity to design and implement macroeconomic and financial policies that promote growth and reduce poverty

New Arrangement to Borrow

It is an non-permanent supplementary source of funding for IMF
New Arrangements to Borrow is second line of resource mobilisation of IMF and been used since global financial crisis 2009 for supplementing IMF resources to meet additional lending requirements

Bilateral borrowing agreements

Another supplementary temporary source of funding is bilateral borrowings from countries which was used since 2008 recession to increase IMFs lending ability

Other funding mechanisms

Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCRT)

Allows the IMF to provide grants for debt relief for the poorest and most vulnerable countries hit by catastrophic natural disasters or public health disasters

Rapid Credit Facility
Rapid Financing Instrument

WHO World Health Organisation

Headquarters: Geneva
Specialized agency of UN
Structure

A state becomes a full member of WHO by ratifying the treaty known as the Constitution of the World Health Organization.
World Health Assembly, WHO's supreme decision-making body
Executive Board
Secretariat
Regional office of South East Asia is in Delhi

Mandate

International public health

Funding

Assessed contributions

Paid by all member states
As per country's Gross National Product and Population

Voluntary contributions

Optional
By UN organisations, private companies, NGOs and also member states

US is the largest contributor for WHO and in 2019, paid total $893 in both assessed and voluntary contributions

Pandemic according to WHO

A pandemic is declared when a new disease for which people do not have immunity spreads around the world beyond expectations.

Under International Health Regulation (IHR) 2005, WHO is vested with authority to challenge the member states
WHO FCTC

Worlds first public health treaty
WHO FCTC - WHO Framework convention on Tobacco control- to curb tobacco related diseases
Came into force in 2005
Treaty's provisions include rules that govern the production, sale, distribution, advertisement, and taxation of tobacco.

International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines (IRCH),

Established in 2006, is a global network of regulatory authorities created by World Health Organization (WHO) responsible for regulation of herbal medicines.
Its mission is to protect and promote public health and safety through improved regulation for herbal medicines.

WHO’s Global Action Plan on AMR Antimicrobial Resistance
WHO publishes Model List of Essential Medicines every 2 years
International Classification of Disease - Excessive gaming is recently included as a Disease
WHO's SAFE (Surgery, Antibodies, Facial cleanliness, Environmental modification) Strategy 1997
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)
Moscow declaration to end Tuberculosis
London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
Codex Alimentarius – International Food Standards (FAO & WHO) /li>

International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management - FAO and WHO together

MPOWER- (a policy package intended to reduce the demand of Tobacco) initiative of WHO is being implemented in India.
WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023
Index/Reports

World Health Report
World Health Statistics
Global Nutrition Report
Every New Born Action Plan [WHO and UNICEF]
World Tuberculosis Report
Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database
Ambient Air Pollution Report [Don’t confuse with UNEP)
Actions on Air Quality by UNEP

Joint Monitoring Programme with UNICEF for Water supply and sanitation

WHO Solidarity Trial Initiative

It is an international clinical trial to help find an effective treatment for COVID-19
It will compare four treatment options against standard of care, to assess their relative effectiveness against COVID-19

COVID Handling by WHO

Positive

Development of vaccines- WHO’s efforts to advance development of coronavirus vaccines a therapeutics have been appreciated.
Countering misinformation- The WHO’s efforts in sharing of information and its att mpts to counter online misinformation and disinformation have earned widespread praise

Criticism

Lack of preparedness though had access to data and years of subsequent research about the SARS outbreak.
Delay in declaration as Public Health Emergency of International Concern PHEIC or as Pandemic
Delay in acknowledging human-to-human transmission of the virus
Not endorsing travel and transport restrictions
Alleged lack of independence

Constraints

Lack of capacity with WHO (lacks functional capabilities to challenge states politically)
Only recommendatory powers
Encircled in the realm of vested geopolitics
Limited funding - WHO annual operating budget is smaller than funding of few medical university hospitals

Way forward

Reforms announced by WHO should be fast track implemented

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

Headquarters - Paris

General

conference

Member states meet every 2 years.
Vote on policies, programs, budget
Elect executive board, DG every 4 years.

Executive board

58 members. Overall Management of UNESCO

DG &

Secretariat

Director General. Head of the organization
Secretariat and staff- drawn from civil servants of member states.

Objectives:

International collaboration through education, science and culture interactions
Promote values of UN charter: rule of law, justice, human rights, fundamental freedom
Peace, eradicate poverty, sustainable development

Functions/5 major programs

Education-For all
Communication and information-To promote inclusive knowledge.
Natural science-promote curiosity and learning
Social and human science-To solve the social challenges
Culture - To foster Cultural diversity

USP

UNESCO World Heritage Convention

The convention defines the kinds of natural or cultural sites that can be included on the World Heritage List
Various activities such as “World Heritage City” as well as “World Heritage in da come under this convention of UNESCO.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Natural World Heritage Sites
Cultural World Heritage Sites

UNESCO Tangible Cultural Heritage Sites
UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage of humanity tag

To be declared as Intangible cultural heritage of humanity tag of UNESCO, only nationa festivals are considered
Ex: Kumbh Mela (held once in every 12 years in 4 places - Haridwar, Allahabad, Ujjain and Nashik
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity – It is made up of those intangible herita elements which bring out the diversity of culture.
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in need of Urgent Safeguarding – It is made up of the intangible herita elements which require urgent measures. It also helps to mobilize international cooperation.

Mixed World Heritage Sites

Biosphere reserves, through the Programme on Man and the Biosphere

UNESCO World Network of Biosphere reserves WNBR or simply BR Biosphere Reserve covers internationally designated protected areas, each known as biosphere reserves, that are meant to demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature [Interna tional Coordinating Council]. These sites are established by countries and recognised by UNESCO under MAB programme

UNESCO Asia-Pacific awards for cultural heritage conservation programme

Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam- TN [Vishnu temple]
Mumbai's Christ Church
Royal Bombay Opera House

UNESCO Creative Cities list - Chennai (Music), Jaipur(Craft), Varanasi(Music), Mumbai (Films), Hyderabad (Gastronomy)

7 creative fields- Crafts & Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Music and Media Arts.

UNESCO Endangered Languages List

Categorisation of languages - Vulnerable • Definitely Endangered • Severely Endangered ritically Endangered
42 languages in India are endangered and maybe be headed for extinction (spoken by less than 10000 people)

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IOC of UNESCO- one of the partner in Blue Carbon Initiative

ITCOocean-International Training Centre for Operational Oceanography
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and Sustainable Development MGIEP in India

Reports

Global Education Monitoring report
Gender Parity Index
International Literacy Day
Yuelu Proclamation (linguistic promotion)

Challenges

US withdrawn from UNESCO alleging for anti-Israel bias

UNESCO has declared a contested shrine in Hebron city as an endangered Palestinian heritage site.
US will maintain its presence at UNESCO as an observer state but not as a member
US had cancelled its substantial budget contribution to UNESCO in 2011 in protest of its decision to grant the Palestinians full membership
U.S. laws bar funding to any U.N. agency that recognizes the Palestinian state.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Only tripartite agency of UN - Governments, employers and workers
Headquarters - Geneva
History

The ILO was created in 1919, as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I,
Joined as special agency to UN in 1946

Mandate

To set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work for all women and men
Enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.

Core conventions

ILO's Governing Body has identified eight conventions as "fundamental" or Core.

Forced labour convention	India ratified
Abolition of Forced Labour convention	India ratified
Equal Remuneration convention	India ratified
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) convention	India ratified
Minimum Age Convention	India ratified in June 2017
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention	India ratified in June 2017
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention	Yet to ratify
Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention	Yet to ratify

International labour Conference

Sets the International labour standards and the broad policies of the ILO.
It meets annually in Geneva.
Often called an International Parliament of Labour, the Conference is also a forum for discussion of key social and labour questions.

Seafarers Identity Documents Convention 2003

To promote decent conditions of work in the shipping industry
Seafarers (persons engaged in sailing or working on a ship) need special protection.
India ratified it
NOTE: This convention is not under WMO/IMO

Maritime Labour convention

India is a party to it
Established minimum working and living standards for all seafarers on those ships

Global Commission on the Future of Work

It seeks to understand and respond effectively to the changing character of production and employment due to, for instance - onward march of technology and the impact of climate change
identifying the key challenges facing the world of work and making practical recommendations about how these may be addressed in the future

Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957

Integrationist approach towards tribal communities,
India ratified it

Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1989

Policy of non-intervention
India not ratified it

Night Work Convention, 1990

India not member

Labour Inspection Convention of 1947 - India ratified
World Social Protection Report
World Employment and Social Outlook
World of Work Report
Global Wage Report
NOTE: ILO do not publish World Migration report (published by International Organisation for Migration)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

HQ: Rome
Structure

Conference and regional conferences
Committee on World Food Security
Council and Technical committees

Goals

the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition;
the elimination of poverty and the driving forward of economic and social progress for all;
the sustainable management and utilization of natural resources, including land, water, air, climate and genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

Functions

Help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition
Make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable
Reduce rural poverty
Enable inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems
Increase the resilience of livelihoods to threats and crises

Programmes/Reports/Indexes

Codex Alimentarius – International F od Standards

It is an intergovernmental body with over 180 members, within the framework of the Joint Food Standards Programme.
Codex Alimentarius Commission established by FAO and WHO is an international food standards setting body
Evolving a common standardization process for global trade and availability
With the adoption of codex standards, spices have been included for the first time as commodities that will have universal standards

Recently, adopted three Codex standards for black, white and green pepper, cumin and thyme

Also issued guidelines for assessing risks associated with GM foods

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

IPPC aims to protect cultivated and wild plants by preventing the introduction and spread of pests

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture / International Seed Treaty
Globefish

Globefish is an unit within the FAO, responsible for information and analysis on international fish trade and markets.

International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management - FAO and WHO together

World Food Programme WFP (FAO & UNGA)
Global Food Price Index
World State of Forest Report (FAO & UNEP)
FAO do not release Global Hunger Index. It is released by International Food Policy Research Institute
Supports Climate Smart Agriculture
Globally Important Agri Heritage Systems GIAHS
Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) project
Locust Watch
UN Decade of Family Farming

FAO and International Fund For Agricultural development
Managed, operated by family and predominantly dependent on family labor

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

Established in 1977 under 1974 World Food Conference [organised in response to food crisis in Sahelian countries of Africa]
HQ: Rome
Mandate

Eradicating rural poverty in developing countries.

It provides low-interest loans and grants to developing countries to finance innovative agricultural, rural development programmes & projects.
India is a member
UN Decade of Family Farming

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

HQ- London
Mandate

To create a regulatory framework for the shipping industry that is fair and effective, universally adopted and universally implemented.
IMO measures cover all aspects of international shipping – including ship design, constr ction, equipment, manning, operation and disposal – to ensure that his vital sector for remains safe, environmentally sound, energy efficient and secure

Structure

Assembly - Highest governing body. Consists of all member states
Council - Executive organ

Committees - the Maritime Safety Committee; the Marine Environment Protection Committee; the Legal Committee; the Technical Cooperation Committee and the Facilitation Committee

Secretariat

Ballast water management convention BWM

Ballast water is water carried in ships‘ ballast tanks to improve stability, balance and trim.
It is taken up or discharged when cargo is unloaded or loaded, or when a ship needs extra stability in foul weather
When ships take on ballast water, plants and animals that live in the ocean are also picked up. Discharging this ballast water releases these organisms into new areas where they can become marine pests.
Convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another
It establishes standards and procedures for the management and control of ships' ballast water and sediments.

Bunker convention
Its aim is to ensure that adequate, prompt, and effective compensation is available to persons who suffer damage caused by oil spills, when carried as fuel in ships' bunkers.
It applies to damage caused on the territory, including the territorial sea, and in exclusive economic zones of States Parties

Safety of Life at Seas SOLAS convention

It aims to specify minimum standards for construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety of merchant vessels
It is a binding convention
India ratified SOLAS Convention for safety of merchant ships.

Cape town agreement 2012

Safety of fishing vessels operating in their coastal waters
It helps in combating illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing
India yet to ratify
Agreement still not come into force. Waiting for ratifications

Hongkong convention 2009

India ratified
Ship breaking industry standards
Safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships

NOTE: Trans Regional Maritime Network is not by IMO but led by Italy

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

HQ - Geneva
Before 1950, it was International Meteorological Organisation
Mandate

provides world leadership and expertise in international cooperation in the delivery and use of high-quality, authoritative weather, climate, hydrological and related environmental services by its Members, for the improvement of the well-being of societies of all nations.

Structure

World Meteorological Congress
Secretary General

High Mountain Summit
Reports: Greenhouse Gas Bulletin is WMO annual flagship report, which tracks concentrations of gasses in the atmosphere in the post-industrial era (since 1750).
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme

It provides reliable scientific data and information on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, its natural and anthropogenic change, and helps to improve the understanding of interactions between the atmosphere, the oceans and the biosphere.

World Weather Watch WWW (Monitoring of Ozone layer)
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)

WMO, IOC UNESCO, UNEP, ICSU International Council For Science
all users to have access to the climate observations, data records and information they need to address pressing climate-related concerns
users include individuals, national and international organizations, institutions and agencies.
GCOS works with partners to ensure the sustained provision of reliable physical, chemical and biological observations and data records for the total climate system – across the atmospher c, oceanic and terrestrial domains, including hydrological and carbon cycles and the cryosphere

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (UNEP and WMO)

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

HQ: Geneva, Switzerland.
Mandate

the global forum for intellectual property services, policy, information and cooperation.
To encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world.
Copyrights (including literary, musical, photographic, and other artistic works) , patents, trademarks, industrial designs, GI

Administers 26 international treaties, and Non-members are the states of Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and Timor-Leste. Palestine has observer status.
India is a member of WIPO and party to several treaties administered by WIPO.
Madrid Protocol registration of trademarks in multiple countries. India not yet member
Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property

USP

Geographical Indicators [This is not as effective as WTO TRIPS]
WTO TRIPS issues GI which will be respected by its members

Marrakesh Treaty of WIPO

It is to facilitate access to published works for persons who are blind, visually impaired and print disabled
India was the first country to sign the treaty

Global Innovation Index
World Intellectual Property Report
WIPO does not release International Intellectual Property Index (released by US Chamber of Commerce)
Indian Union Cabinet approved accession to WIPO Copyrights Treaty and WIPO Performers and Phonograms Treaty

WIPO Copyright Treaty WCT

It is a special treaty made under Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
It deals with the protection of literary and artistic works and the rights of authors in digital environment
It grants the following rights

the right of distribution
the right of rental
a broader right of communication to the public

The WCT mentions two subject matters to be protected by copyright

computer programs and compilations of data which constitute intellectual creations

Any contracting party must comply with the provisions of this treaty
Term of protection must be atleast 50 years
Indian Union Cabinet approved accession to WIPO Copyrights Treaty

WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty

Deals with the rights of (particularly in digital environment)

performers (actors, singers, musicians, etc.)
producers of phonograms (persons or legal entities that take the initiative and have the responsibility for the fixation of sounds)

It grants the following rights

right of reproduction;
the right of distribution;
the right of rental;
the right of making available.

Term of protection must be atleast 50 years
Indian Union Cabinet approved accession to WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

HQ: Montreal, Canada
Mandate

Member States and industry groups to reach consensus on international civil aviation Standards and Recommended Practices
policies in support of a safe, efficient, secure, economically sustainable and environmentally responsible civil aviation sector.
coordinates assistance and capac ity building for States in support of numerous aviation development objectives; produces global plans to coordinate multilateral strategic progress for safety and air navigation; monitors and reports on numerous air transport sector performance metrics; and audits States’ civ aviation oversight capabilities in the areas of safety and security.

India opted out of United Nations International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) capping aviation emissions pact

India’s opposition to a global pact for curbing aviation emissions as it felt the deal would be unfair for developing countries where the civil aviation market is not mature and the airlines are limited compared to the developed economies.
Pact applies to only international flights only
ICAO Proposed carbon emission tax on airlines in order to offset emissions in the aviation sector.

Chicago Convention / Convention o International Civil Aviation

Established ICAO
The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel.
The Convention also exempts air fuels in transit from (double) taxation.
India is a member

Montreal Convention 1999

It is a multilateral treaty adopted by member states of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
It amended important provisions of the Warsaw Convention's regime concerning compensation for the victims of air disasters
India is a member since 2009

Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program

USOAP was launched in 1999 regular and mandatory audits of ICAO Member States' safety oversight systems.
The audits focus on State's capability in providing safety oversight by assessing various safety measures put in place by the State
Nov 2017, ICAO audited India and given the feedback as being ‘satisfied’ of the regulato mechanisms.

CORSIA – Ca bon Offsetting and Reporting Scheme for International Aviation

ICAO introduced a market based measure for international aviation to measure carbon emission
India is not signatory to CORSIA

Beijing Protocol/ Convention Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation

India is a member

Safety Reports

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Headquarters: Geneva
Public-private-academic partnership
Mandate:

Allotment of global radio spectrum and satellite orbits,
develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and
strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.
committed to connecting all the world's people – wherever they live and whatever their means.
3 sectors- Radiocommunication sector, ITU Standardization sector, ITU Development sector
Global E-waste monitor report - United Nation University, ITU, ISWA
ICT Development Index
Global Cyber Security Index
IUT does not publish

Network Readiness Index - WEF
Inclusive Internet Index - UK based EIU
State of Broadband Connection Report
Internet readiness Index Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and Indicus Analytics

NOTE: Don’t confuse with International Astronomical Union which is outside of UN System

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
Mandate

Three pillars -Promotes industrial development

for poverty reduction,
inclusive globalization and
environmental sustainability

Lima Declaration in 2013, is to promote and accelerate inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) in developing countries and economies in transition.

UNIDO has two policymaking organs: the General Conference and the Industrial Development Board.
Industrial Development Report
CTCN - Climate Technology Centre and Network UNEP and UNIDO hosts it
NOTE: Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property is not under UNIDO. But under WIP O

Universal Postal Union (UPU)

Headquarters: Bern, Switzerland
Mandate

the primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players.
Sets the rules for international mail exchanges and makes recommendations to stimulate growth in mail, parcel and financial services volumes and improve quality of service for customers.

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Headquarters: Madrid, Spain
Members - countries, private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities
Mandate

promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism
promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability and
offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide.

Frames Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria along with UNEP
UNWTO Awards for Innovation in Tourism

Mangalajodi Ecotourism Trust (MET) won Inn ovation in Tourism Enterprise award

Mangalajodi is a village located on the northern banks of Chilika Lake in Odisha
MET is a community owned and managed wildlife conservation promoted by RBS Foundation India and Indian Grameen Services
Due to coordinated efforts by the community the number of migratory birds in the region has been restored since 2000.

United Nations System