Part 3,4,4A - FR DPSP FD

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Rights-Types">Rights - Types</h2>

<div style='direction:ltr'>

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<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.1902in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Civil
rights
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.5666in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ex:
Freedom of speech
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1902in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Political
rights
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.4972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ex:
Right to vote
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1902in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Social
rights
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.4972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ex:
Right to health
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.2097in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Economic
rights
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.4777in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ex:
Right to property
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="FundamentalRightsFR">Fundamental Rights FR</h2>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>FR are not
sacrosanct (they may be curtailed)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>FR are not permanent (they
are amenable)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>They are not exclusive rights
provided by constitution.</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>There are rights which are
outside Part III in Constitution </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 265 - No tax without Law</li
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 300A - Property rights</li
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 326 - Elections
based on adult suffrage</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Significance of FR</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>They check the absoluteness
of the authority of Govt</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Establishes rule of law</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Strengthens secular fabric
and protect the minorities against majoritarianism </li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="DirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicyDPSP">Directive Principles of State Policy DPSP</h2>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Instrument of Instructions to
Legislature
and Executive (Not to Judiciary, but helps judiciary in determining the constitutional
validity of any law)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Fundamental to governance of country</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Strive for</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Social, economic and
political programme</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Realise Justice, Liberty,
Equality and Fraternity </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Concept of welfare state</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Moral obligation </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Beacon lights to the courts </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Amplify the preamble </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Common Political Manifesto </li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

FR and DPSP are soul/conscience of constitution 

Fundamental rights provide civil and political rights
to people while DPSP provides social and economic rights

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;margin-left:.375in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;
color:#2E75B5' lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="FundamentalDutiesFD">Fundamental Duties FD</h2>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Both civic duties and moral
duties</li>
</ul>

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Tit-bits">Tit-bits</h2>

 

(Remember the rights below, as they will be asked directly in
Prelims)

 

<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="SomeFundamentalrights">Some Fundamental rights </h3>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to legal aid is a FR
under Article 21</li>
</ul>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle;color:black'
lang=en-US>Right to internet is
fundamental right under Arti
cle 19</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>Freedom of speech and
expression through the medium of internet
- Art 19(1)(a)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>Freedom of trade and
commerce through internet - Art 19(1)(g)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>FR under
some restrictions; Doctrine of Proportionality </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Jan 2020:
SC ruled Right to Internet is fundamental right</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Kerala HC
also ruled that Right to internet is a FR under Right to Privacy which is
under Art 21</li>
</ul>
</ul>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to form political party
is a fundamental right under Article 19(3)</li>
</ul>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to
Privacy is Fundamental Right under Article 21 [Though not an absolute right; Pu
tt
Swamy Judgement]</li>
</ul>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to marriage is FR under
article 21</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to internet is FR under
Article 19</li>
</ul>

 

<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="Someconstitutionalrights">Some constitutional rights</h3>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to contest an election
is a constitutional right. Right to contest an election to Panchayat is a
constitutional right</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to vote is a
Constitutional right [Official Answer Key of UPSC 2017][Article 326]</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to
property is a constitutional right under Article 300A (Official answer key of
UPSC. )</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>Article 300A, which provides
for Right to Property, required the state to follow due procedure and
authority of law to deprive a person of his or her private property.
Hence as provided in the constitution, it is called constitutional right </li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="Notrights">Not rights</h3>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Reservations is not a right. Provisions in the constitution relating to reservations
are enabling provisions but not rights. SC in Feb 2020</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to strike does not
comes under Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression</li>
</ul>

 

 

 

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>No
ex-post-facto law - only in case of criminal proceedings but not for civil
laws or tax laws</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>No double
jeopardy - only in case of judicial proceedings in court of law or a
judicial tribunal but not for
administrative and departmental proceedings since they are not of judicial
nature</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>No
Self-incrimination (no compelling to be self-witness) for criminal cases.
May be compelled for non-criminal cases</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Tribal people can reside
anywhere in the country but outsiders cannot reside in tribal areas.
Freedom of movement to any part of country is constrained</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Preventive detention is in Concurrent List.
However Parliament has exclusive authority of preventive detention laws on
subjects like defence, foreign affairs and security of India</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Prevention detention is applicable only to Criminal and Quasi
Criminal Cases but not civil cases</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Protection against arrest is applicable only to Criminal and Quasi
Criminal Cases but not for civil cases </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Implies that a pers
on can
be arrested and need not be produced in court even more than 24
hours for civil cases</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Not applicable to enemy alien implies that he can be arrested
whatsoever</li>
</ul>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> Under Article 13 Definition of law, Constitutional Amendment Acts CAA
are not included which implies that CAA are not challengeable in the court.
However in the Kesavananda Bharti Case, CAA can be challenged if it amends
basic structure of constitution in which FR is a part of it.</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>So when a
Question comes whether the CAA are included in the Article 13. We should
answer it is NOT</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Constitutional amendment acts
and judicial orders will not come under the definition of law under
Article 13. However, they are subjected to judicial review</li>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt=Important src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> In India,
Constitution is the source of individual rights</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Right to move to SC/HC for constitutional
remedies for enforcement of
FR can
be taken away/suspended during National Emergency or by the Parliamentary
law under Article 33 martial courts or by the constitution as specified</li>
</ul>

 

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt=Important src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> Article 14 forbids class
legislation but permits reasonable classification of persons,
objects and transactions by
law</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Under Article 16, State
cannot discriminate on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of
birth, descent and
residence (Under
Article 15, descent and residence not mentioned)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 33</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Restriction of FR w.r.t
members of armed forces, para military, police, intelligence and
analogous forces</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Only parliament is empowered
to legislate on this subject but not by State legislatures</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Members of armed forces include barbers, carpenters, cooks,
tailors who are non combatants </li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>

 

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Fundamentalrightsw.r.tNationalEmergency">Fundamental rights w.r.t National Emergency</h2>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 20, 21 can never be
suspended in any case</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In case of National
emergency, only Article 19 is automatically suspended only in case of war or
external aggression. Article 19 is not automatically suspended in case of
armed rebellion</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In case of National
emergency, beside the automatic suspension of Article 19 in case of war or
external aggression, President can declare the specific suspension of FR
under Article 35 except 20,21
(those rights will be mentioned in the Presidential Order for
suspension )</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Even article 32 can be suspended manually during emergency</li>
</ul>

 

<div style='direction:ltr'>

<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt;margin-left:.3333in' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.0152in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:.8451in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
under
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4263in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
War/External
aggression
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.1465in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Armed
rebellion
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.0347in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
20, 21
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:.8451in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
-
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4263in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
No
suspension
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.127in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
No
Suspension
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.0152in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
19
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:.8645in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
358
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4263in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Auto
suspension 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.3618in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
President
Manual Suspension of enforcement (parliament approval)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.0152in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Other
FRs
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:.8645in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
359
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4451in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
President
Manual Suspension of enforcement (parliament approval)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.3618in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
President
Manual Suspension of enforcement (parliament approval)
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President Manual Suspension
of enforcement means </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>the rights are present as such but their enforcement is
not guaranteed i.e. remedies does not exist </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US> Specific rights and for specific/
all
period and specific area/across country</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Only laws/executive action
which are related to emergency are protected from being challenged</li>
</ul>

 

 

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="FundamentalRightsw.r.tForeigners">Fundamental Rights w.r.t Foreigners</h2>

 

Except
the Fundamental Rights under the articles 15,
16, 19, 29 and 30 all the Fundamental Rights are
available to both citizens and foreign nationals

 

15 - Can
discriminate for example in voting rights

16 - Can
give more opportunities for citizens

19-
freedom of speech

29
-Protection of interests of minorities.

30 -
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

 

Note: 

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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 22 - Protection
against arrest and detention is not available to enemy aliens.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Cultural and Educational
rights not available to foreigners while Religious freedom available </li>
</ul>

 

 

<div style='direction:ltr'>

<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt;margin-left:.3333in' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Protection
against State/Private
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Beneficiaries-
Foreign/Citizen
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
14
Equality before law and equal protection under law.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.4048in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens (legal
persons also)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
15
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
place of birth.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Provision
A- State
Provision
B- State & P Individual
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Can discriminate foreigners
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
16
Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Can discriminate foreigners
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
17
Abolition of Untouchability.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
State and Private Individual
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
18
Abolition of titles.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Private
Individual
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8069in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
19
Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech & expression,
associate, assemble, movement, residence and profession
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.3715in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Citizens
and shareholders 
But not to foreigners, other legal persons
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
20
Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
citizens, foreigners, legal persons
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
21
Protection of life and personal liberty.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
21A
Right to Elementary Education
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
22
Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3159in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
(protection only against criminal and quasi criminal cases)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.509in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ordinary law- Not available to enemy alien
Preventive
detention law- Both citizens and foreigners
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
23
Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
and private individual
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
24
Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
and private individual
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
25
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of
religion.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
and private individual
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
26
Freedom to manage religious affairs.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
27
Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
28
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in
certain educational institutions.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
29
Protection of interests of minorities. (religious as well as linguistic)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
[Applicable to minorities and majority as well]
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Not Applicable to
Foreigners
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8208in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
30
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
(religious as well as linguistic)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.3576in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Not Applicable to
Foreigners
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
32
Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.2972in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
State
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.377in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Both
Foreigners and Citizens
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Fundamentalrightsandexceptionstoit">Fundamental rights and exceptions to it</h2>

 

 

<div style='direction:ltr'>

<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Right
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Exception grounds
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
14
Equality before law and equal protection under law.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Refer
below
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
15
Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
place of birth.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2215in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Doctrine of
reasonableness, proportionality, reasonable classification </li
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Women and Children 15(3)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Any socially and
educationally backward classes of citizens</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Scheduled Castes </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Scheduled Tribes </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Economically Weaker
Sections </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In some cases, giving
effect to DPSP</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
16
Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2298in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Doctrine of
reasonableness, proportionality </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Residence as a condition
for employment- 16(3)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Backward classes if not
adequately represented - 16(4)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Religious person to
religious denominations - 16(5)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Economically Weaker
Sections - 16(6)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In some cases, giving
effect to DPSP</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
17
Abolition of Untouchability.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
-
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
18
Abolition of titles.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 military or academic distinction
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
19
Protection of certain rights regarding 
 freedom of speech
&
expression,
associate, 
assemble, 
movement, 
residence and 
profession
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.5722in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<div style='direction:ltr'>
<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.5458in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
freedom
of speech & expression,
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8437in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Reasonable restrictions in the interests of the
sovereignty and integrity of India, </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>the
security of the State, </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>friendly
relations with foreign States, </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>public
order, </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>decency or morality or </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>in relation to contempt of court, defamation or </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>incitement to an offence</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.5256in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
assemble
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8638in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>sovereignty
and integrity of India or </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>public
order, </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>reasonable
restrictions </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.5256in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
associate
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8638in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>sovereignty
and integrity of India or </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>public
order or </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>morality,
</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>reasonable
restrictions </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.6041in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
movement
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.7861in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
reasonable
restrictions in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any
Scheduled Tribe
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.6041in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
residence
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.7861in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
reasonable
restrictions in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any
Scheduled Tribe
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.5256in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Profession
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.8638in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Professional
or technical qualification </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>State
owned entities </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Reasonable
restrictions</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
20
Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<div style='direction:ltr'>
<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.2833in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ex-post
facto law
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.7756in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Civil
cases, tax laws; Criminal offence trails
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.2687in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Double
jeopardy
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.7902in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Administrative/Departmental
proceedings
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.2833in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Self
incrimination
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.7062in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Civil
cases
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
21
Protection of life and personal liberty.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
21A
Right to Elementary Education
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
22
Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Enemy alien</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Preventive detention </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
23
Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Compulsory service for
public purpose </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
24
Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
-
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
25
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of
religion.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>public order, morality and health</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>regulating or restricting
any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may
be associated with religious practice;</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>providing for social welfare and reform </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
26
Freedom to manage religious affairs.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>public order, morality and health</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4145in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
27
Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.518in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2055in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Fee </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
28
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in
certain educational institutions.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
29
Protection of interests of minorities/any citizen. (religious as well as
linguistic)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
-
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
30
Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
(religious as well as linguistic)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
-
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.4923in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
32
Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4402in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
National
emergency/Martial law
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

 

 

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="RighttoEqualityviolation">Right to Equality violation</h2>

 

Provisions 14-18

 

14 Equality before law and equal protection of law

15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race,
caste, sex or place of birth.

16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

17 Abolition of Untouchability.

18 Abolition of titles.

 

However, there are exceptions to right to equal
ity and
reasonable classification (intelligible differentia) can be made by law. 

(class legislation is prohibited)

 

<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Provisions giving effect to
DPSP</li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>FR enjoys supremacy over DPSP. However for implementation of DPSP, FR can
be amended without altering the basic structure of constitution. [Specific
DPSP 39b and 39c supreme over FR 14,19 still valid]. </li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Reservations for SC, ST,
socially and educationally backward classes and economically weaker
sections </li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>These excepts are valid and
are included in the constitution itself</li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Doctrine of Reasonableness
(Reasonable classification)</li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Classification must be based
on intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or things that
are grouped together from those that are left out of group and the
differentia must have a rational nexus to the objects sought to be achieved by
the executive or legislative action under challenge</li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Doctrine of Proportionality
(proportionate equality)  and substantive equality</li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>State restrictions vs
Fundamental rights </li>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Ex: Banning internet in
Kashmir after revocation of Article 370 is against Right to Freedom </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Freedom of speech vs Law
& order</li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

 

<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 15 says not to
discriminate in general and educational institutions . However Article
15(3), 15(4 & 5) , 15(6) are
exception which means that State can discriminate/make special provisions
for advancement of </li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Women and Children </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Any socially and
educationally backward classes of citizens</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Scheduled Castes</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Scheduled Tribes</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Economically Weaker
Sections </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 16 says not to
discriminate in matters of public employment . However there are exception
which means that State can discriminate/make special provisions </li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Residence as a condition for
employment- 16(3)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Backward classes if not
adequately represented - 16(4)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Religious person to
religious denominations - 16(5)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>OR Economically Weaker
Sections - 16(6)</li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Conflictsb/wFundamentalRightsFRandDPSP">Conflicts b/w Fundamental Rights FR and DPSP </h2>

Fundamental Rights FR

Directive Principles of State Policy DPSP

Constitutional Amendment Acts CAA

 

One of the conflict case was right to property

 

<div style='direction:ltr'>

<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.8104in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Original
Constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.1222in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
No
conflict foreseen
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.7326in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
1951
Champakam Dorairajan Case
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.2in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2125in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>SC ruled that incase of
any conflict b/w FR and DPSP, FR would prevail</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>DPSP should conform and
act as subsidiary to FR</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>To resolve conflicts, FR
could be amended by CAA f
or
implementing DPSP</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.8104in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Accordingly
Parliament
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.1222in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Accordingly,
1st CAA 1951, 4rth CAA 1955 , 7th CAA 1964 enacted to implement some DPSP
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.7326in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
1967
Golaknath case
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.2in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2125in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Parliament cannot abridge
or taken away the FR which are sacrosanct</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>FR cannot be amended for
implementation of DPSP</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.8104in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Parliament
counter
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.1222in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
24rth
CAA 1971
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Parliament has power to
amend FR by CAA's</li>
</ul>
25th
CAA 1971 - Inserted Article 31C
<ol type=1 style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>
<li value=1 style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Provision
1- No law which seeks to implement DPSP 39b and 39c shall be void on the
ground of FR 14,19,31</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Provision 2 -No law related
to this cannot be questioned in any court</li>
</ol>
 
Summary:
Specific DPSP supremacy over specific FR and made Judiciary unreviewable
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.7326in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
1973 Kesavananda Bharati Case
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.2in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2125in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Judicial
review basic structure of Constitution. Hence Provision 2 of 31C
invalid</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Provision
1 of 31 C is valid and constitutional</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.7326in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
1976
42nd CAA
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.2in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2125in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>All DPSP supremacy over
specific FR 14,19,31</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.7326in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
1978
44rth CAA
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.2in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.2125in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>FR 31 is repealed</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.8298in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
1980
Minerva Mills case 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.1027in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.327in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:0in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Specific DPSP 39b and 39c
supreme over FR 14,19</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Stated
that DPSP and FR are two wheels of a chariot and both are equally
important and needs balance</li>
<li style='color:#000000;background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;margin-top:
0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US><img
width=16 height=16
alt="Test Revision"> Harmony and Balance b/w FR and DPSP is
essential feature of basic structure of constitution </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>DPSP should be implemented
without abrogation of means of FR</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:1.7847in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Now
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:9.1479in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
<ul style='margin-left:.1923in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;margin-top:
0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<img
width=16 height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> FR enjoys supremacy over
DPSP. However for implementation of
DPSP, FR can be amended without altering the basic structure of
constitution. [Specific DPSP 39b and 39c supreme over FR 14,19 still valid].

Order
of preference - FR except 14 and 19. -> DPSP 39(b) and 39(c). -> FR 14
and 19. -> DPSP except 39(b) and 39(c).
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>

</div>

 

What is Article 39(b)?

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy
towards securing: that the ownership and control
of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to
subserve the common good.

What is Article 39(c)?

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy
towards securing: that the operation of the
economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of
production to the common detriment

31C -
Saving of laws giving effect to certain DPSP

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsICCPR">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICCPR</h2>

<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Multilateral treaty by UN.
India is a member to it</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US> The covenant commits its parties t
o respect the civil and political rights of
individuals,
including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech,
freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair
trial.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Parties of this covenant
should Legally protect persons against
“arbitrary interference” with one’s privacy, family, home, correspondenc
honour and reputation. </li>
</ul>