Part 18 - Emergency provisions

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Type
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Notified
by
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Parliament
Approval required
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Within
how much time, parliament approval
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In
operation=
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Revoked
by
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w.r.t
J&K
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National Emergency
352
 
(Ext
War, Arm reb)
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President
 
Written
by Cabinet
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Yes
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1 month
by special majority and absolute total majority
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6
months renew at a time [by
special majority]
 
Entire
country/only part of it
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President
or Lok Sabha(simple)
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vertical-align:top;width:2.025in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
External
War/Aggression - President notifies
Internal
Disturbance -President can impose only with approval of state
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President Rule 356
 
(Under
356/365)
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President
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Yes
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2
months by simple majority 
 
 
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6
months renew, upto 1 year. Later either EC recommend or under National
emergency. Max upto 3 years
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President
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Governor
Rule 
On grounds of J&K constitutional machinery
Notified by President
Both President Rule and Governor rule
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Financial Emergency
360
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President
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Yes
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2
months by simple majority
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vertical-align:top;width:2.9986in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
indefinite
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President
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Cannot be imposed
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 352- Emergency word
mentioned but National Emergency is not mentioned </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 356 -Emergency word
is not mentioned. It is Presidents Rule </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 360 - Financial
Emergency word mentioned in Constitution </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 355
still has the word internal disturbance - It is the duty of the Union to protect the
States against external aggression or internal
disturbances </li>
</ul>

 

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>All 3 types of emergencies
proclamation are subjected to
Judicial review</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>If LS is dissolved when any
time of emergency , proclamation valid until 30
days from the date of its reconstitution provided that RS approved it</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Laws made by Parliament on
State subjects during National Emergency will expire after 6 months of
revocation of National Emergency. However, laws made by Parliament during
Presidents rule in a State will never expire unless explicitly revoked</li>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img
width=16 height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> During National Emergency, life of Lok Sabha may be
extended one year at a time by the law of Parliament. Also State legislature's life can also be extended one year at a
time by the law of Parliament.</li>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img
width=16 height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> If emergency is
proclaimed to limited area, even then the Centres legislative and
executive power over all subjects extended to entire country</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In Presidents Rule, either
State legislature can be dissolved/suspended. Can be
dissolved only after the Parliament approval</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>During Presidents Rule,
Parliament can delegate the power to make laws w.r.t State to President or
any authority [Presidents Acts]</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>National emergency was
declared during Indira Gandhi's regime 1975-77 and also during war with
China 1962-68, in 1971-75 during war Pakistan </li>
</ul>

 

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Fundamentalrightsw.r.tNationalEmergency">Fundamental rights w.r.t National Emergency</h2>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article 20, 21 can never be
suspended in any case</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In case of National
emergency, only Article 19 is automatically suspended only in case of war or
external aggression. Article 19 is not automatically suspended in case of
armed rebellion</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In case of National
emergency, beside the automatic suspension of Article 19 in case of war or
external aggression, President can declare the specific suspension of FR
under Article 35 except 20,21
(those rights will be mentioned in the Presidential Order for
suspension )</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Even article 32 can be suspended manually during emergency</li>
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under
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War/External
aggression
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Armed
rebellion
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vertical-align:top;width:1.0347in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
20, 21
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vertical-align:top;width:.8451in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
-
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No
suspension
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vertical-align:top;width:4.127in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
No
Suspension
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vertical-align:top;width:1.0152in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
19
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vertical-align:top;width:.8645in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
358
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vertical-align:top;width:4.4263in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Auto
suspension 
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vertical-align:top;width:4.3618in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
President
Manual Suspension of enforcement (parliament approval)
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vertical-align:top;width:1.0152in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Other
FRs
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vertical-align:top;width:.8645in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Article
359
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vertical-align:top;width:4.4451in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
President
Manual Suspension of enforcement (parliament approval)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.3618in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
President
Manual Suspension of enforcement (parliament approval)
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President Manual Suspension
of enforcement means </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>the rights are present as such but their enforcement is
not guaranteed i.e. remedies does not exist </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US> Specific rights and for specific/
all
period and specific area/across country</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Only laws/executive action
which are related to emergency are protected from being challenged</li>
</ul>

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