Judiciary - General

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<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="IndianJudicialsystem">Indian Judicial system </h2>
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>
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height=492
src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_31153152e9784b1f994349b86ccdfd1a~mv2.png">
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>
Supreme
Court SC
High
Court HC
District
Court (additional, joint, assistant ; Subordinate judge court; Munsiff court;
city civil courts)
Sessions
court (additional, assistant; Chief judicial magistrate; Judicial magistrate,
Metropolitan magistrate )
Civil
Court
Quasi-Judicial
bodies
Tribunals
Armed
forces Tribunals
Human
Rights court in every district by State[established under Protection of Human
Rights Act 1993]
Lok
Adalats under LSA Act 1987
Permanent
Lok Adalats under LSA Act 1987 
Consumer
Courts - quasi judicial
Family
Courts by State Govt under Family Courts Act 1984
Gram
Nyayalayas by State Govt under Gram Nyayalaya Act 2008 Nari
Adalats (women courts) in various States
Parivarik
Mahila Lok Adalats evolved by National Commission for Women
Court
Martial
Military
Courts
Fast
Track Courts FTC by State Govt 
Industrial
Courts and Labour courts 
Special
Courts
 
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="TypesofCasesandLaws">Types of Cases and Laws</h2>
Civil
Criminal
Constitutional
Preventive Detention cases
Taxation laws
 
 
<h2 style='color:#000000;margin:0in;text-indent:-.1666in;font-family:Calibri;
font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5' lang=en-US id="Writs"<img
width=16 height=16 alt=Byheart src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_bce95a45add849f9b50120d225499a56~mv2.png"> Writs</h2>
Taken
from English law
 
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vertical-align:top;width:1.025in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Habeaus
corpus 
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vertical-align:top;width:1.4631in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
To
have the body of
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1673in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Aggrieved
person
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.9534in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Issued
to Public authorities and private
individuals
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.025in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Mandamus
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.4631in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
We
command
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1673in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Aggrieved
person
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:7.0645in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Issued
to public bodies, corporation, inferior court, tribunal, Govt
Mandamus
can't be issued to Chief Justice of HC,
President, Governor, when duty is discretionary, to enforce a contractual
obligation, to enforce a dept instruction that don’t have statutory f
rce, private individual
[NOTE: No Speaker implies that can be issued]
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.025in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Prohibition
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vertical-align:top;width:1.4631in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
To
forbid
Dont
proceed
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1673in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Aggrieved
person
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:7.0645in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Issued
to Judicial/Quasi-Judicial authorities but not to administrative authorities (since their
proceedings are not of judicial nature), legislative bodies, private.
Preventive
 
Issued
on grounds of Exceeding jurisdiction/ lack of jurisdiction to transfer the
case/squash the order
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</tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.025in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Certiorari
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.4826in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
To be
informed/certified
U
don’t proceed, I will take it OR U squash order</
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1673in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Aggrieved
person
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:6.9756in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Issued
to Judicial/Quasi-Judicial/administrative authorities but not to legislative bodies,
private
Preventive and Curative
 
Issued
on the grounds of exceeding/lack of jurisdiction or error of law
</td>
</tr>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.025in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Quo-warranty
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.4631in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
By
what authority
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:1.1673in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Any
one
</td>
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vertical-align:top;width:7.0111in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Issued
to Substantive Public Office of permanent character created by Statute or Constitution.
Not to ministerial office
and private offices
 
To
enquire into legality of claim to public office
</td>
</tr>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>HC can issues writs even
outside of its territorial jurisdiction if the cause of action arises
in its jurisdiction</li>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> HC may refuse
to exercise its jurisdiction over writ cases as under Article 226, HC
Writ power is discretionary</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Supreme Court can issue
writ only in case of violation of any of the fundamental rights contained
in Part-III of the constitution, while the High Courts can issue writs
not only in case of violation of fundamental rights but also in case of
violation of any legal rights of the citizens</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Note</li>
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<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt=Byheart src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_bce95a45add849f9b50120d225499a56~mv2.png"> Mandamus
cannot be issued to Chief Justice of High Court acting in Judicial
capacity</li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Judgesremoval">Judges removal</h2>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>SC/HC Judges removal
process is <spa
style='font-weight:bold;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>mentioned in Article 124(4) of the Constitution and is described/detailed in the Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968.</li>
</ul>
 
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>As per constitution, </li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Judge of SC/HC can be removed
by President
on the recommendation of Parliament</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Grounds: Proved
misbehavior or incapacity </li>
</ul>
<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt=Tricky src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_06c2a583c0c34b17b47620d978f66ccf~mv2.png"> Judges Enquiries Act 1968
deals with the removal of SC/HC judges</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Speaker/Chairman of House
may admit or refuse to admit the motion </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>If the motion is admitted,
a three-member committee is set up to investigate the allegations. The
committee is made up of a Supreme Court judge, the Chief
Justice of any High Court, and a ‘distinguished jurist’ nominated by </s
an>Speaker/Chairman
</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>…..</l
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Finally, President passes the order to remove
Judge [Presidential Order]</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Removal procedure not mentioned in the
constitution</li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Even if SC recommends for removal of judge to President,
President cannot take an executive action. Judge impeachment is an
legislative action</li>
</ul>
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h3>
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="JudicialReview">Judicial Review</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Articles - 13, 32, 131-135,
143, 145, 226, 246, 256</li>
</ul>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Decision of
anti-defection law by presiding officer is subjected to judicial review
on the ground of malafide, perverse</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Court held that
President officer while deciding question under anti defection functions
like a tribunal. Hence, like other tribunals, it is subjected to
judicial review </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>However, Courts cannot
question the power of Presiding officer in deciding anti-defection.
Cannot direct speaker to take a decision</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Review only after
decision and in 2020, SC held that specific time frame can be set to
take decision by Speaker </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Decision of Speaker to
classify a bill as Money bill or not is subjected to judicial review
within the definition of Article 110</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>[SC said this because it is
procedural irregularity]</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>All 3 types of
emergency are subjected to Judicial Review</li>
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<li style='color:#000000;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US><img width=16
height=16 alt="Imp Prelims" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> Proclamation of national emergency is subjected to
judicial review on the ground of malafide or declaration based on wholly
extraneous and irrelevant facts or is absurd or perverse</li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="PresidentandJudiciary">President and Judiciary</h3>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Presidents ordinance
making power can be challenged on the ground of malafide</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Intentionally,
President prorogues a house to issue ordinance</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Pardoning power of
President is subjected to judicial review on the grounds of irrational,
arbitrary and discrimination </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President decision to dissolve Loksabha cannot be challenged
in the court of law</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>However, President decision to dissolve State
assembly in case of President Rule is subjected to Judicial review</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President is not bound
by the advice of SC in case of</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President seeks advise
of SC in case of any law/bill</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President seeking
advice of SC in case of pre-constitutional treaties, acts etc. </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Recommendation of EC is
binding on President in case of disqualification of parliament members
w.r.t Representation of People Act 1951</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Recommendation of
enquiry committee to remove UPSC chairman is binding on President</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>President's active
application of mind is necessary for decisions under Article 254(2) and
is subjected to judicial review </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Article
254(2)
provides that In case of s
ubjects
of concurrent list, if a State law receives presidential assent after due consideration, then it can apply
in contravention to the Central law in that particular State</li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h3>
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Terms">Terms</h2>
 
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="Legalentities">Legal entities</h3>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>In common law
jurisprudence, there are two types of persons —</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Natural persons or
human beings and </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Artificial persons,
which are also known as juristic persons, juridical entity or a legal
person other than a natural person</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Legal or juristic
persons are created by law and recognised as a legal entity, having
distinct identity, legal personality and besides duties and rights. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>They include private
business firm or entity, non-governmental or government organisations,
trusts and societies, besides others</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>July 2018, Uttarakhand
High court declared entire animal kingdom including avian and
aquatic as legal entities</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Mar 2020, HC declared Sukhna
Lake in Chandigarh as a Living entity</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>India's first legal human
status – Ganga and Yamuna river – on Mar 20<
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It implies that whenever
you are harming the river, it is being referred as harming the human
person and the same punishment will be awarded</li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Central and State Govts are also legal e
ntities
</li>
</ul>
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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h3>
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="Compoundablevsnon-compoundable">Compoundable vs non-compoundable</h3>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Compoundable offence is
less serious in nature and they mostly affects private
persons.
They can be compromised by the victim and offender, with
or without the permission of court. Under compoundable offence, upon a compromise, the
offender is acquitted without any trial.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Non compoundable
offence is serious in nature. Under this a private party as well as
the society are affected. No compromise is allowed under this
type of offence. Even court does not has the authority and power to
compound such offence. Under the non-compoundable offence, full trial is
held which ends with the acquittal or conviction of offender based on the
evidence given.</li>
</ul>
 
 
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="LegalrightvsFundamentalright">Legal right vs Fundamental right</h3>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Fundamental right is so
basic that it cannot be denied by State and are enforceable by SC and HC.
Even the law sought to amend fundamental rights will become
unconstitutional and unenforceable (if it effects basic structure of
constitution) </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Legal right is the right
guaranteed by the act of legislature</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Ex: Right to property -
Initially a fundamental right and
now a legal right/constitutional right </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>If it is a fundamental
right, even state cannot acquire property of a person forcefully in any
means( even by enacting a law)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>If it is a legal right,
state can acquire property even forcefully that it can enact a law to
acquire and since it is law, it is legal </li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
 
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5' id="Reviewpetition">Review
petition</h3>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>A review petition can be
filed by the parties aggrieved by the decisions of Supreme Court/High
Court </li>
</ul>
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5' id="Curativepetition">Curative
petition </h3>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>A curative petition is normally allowed
only on the limited grounds of violation of principles of
natural justice and circumstances suggesting possible
bias on the part of judges</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Curative - to prevent
abuse of process as well as to cure
miscarriage of justice</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>where a question was
raised that whether an aggrieved person is entitled to any relief against
the final order/judgment of the Supreme court after dismissal of review
petition.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5' id="Mercypetition">Mercy
petition</h3>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>When a person has lost all
the remedies available to him/her under all the prevailing laws as well
as under the Constitutional remedies, he may file a mercy petition before
the President of India under Article 72 or Governor under Article 161</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Petition will be treated on
mercy but not on the legality of the case </li>
</ul>
 
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="AccesstoJusticeProjectforMarginalizedPersons">Access to Justice Project for Marginalized Persons</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It is being implemented
by Ministry of Law and Justice and United Nation Development
Programme
(UNDP). </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Pro bono legal services
and Nyaya Mitra scheme and Tele law initiative are the sub schemes under
this project </li>
</ul>
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="NyayaMitrascheme">Nyaya Mitra scheme</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It aims
to reduce pendency of cases across selected districts, with a special focus on those pending
for more than 10 years. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>This scheme would play
a pivotal role in assisting litigants who are suffering due to
delay in investigation or trial, by actively identifying such cases through
the National Judicial Data Grid, providing legal
advice and connecting litigants to government agencies and civil society
organizations. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>This initiative would
be launched in 227 districts</li>
</ul>
 
<h2 style='color:#000000;margin:0in;text-indent:-.1666in;font-family:Calibri;
font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5' lang=en-US id="Probonolegalservices"<img
width=16 height=16 alt="Imp Prelims" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> Pro
bono legal services</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It is a web-based
initiative which can be accessed through the website <a
href="http://www.doj.gov.in">www.doj.gov.in</a>. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Litigants who
cannot afford legal services can apply for legal aid and advice from pro
bono lawyers.
</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The idea behind this
online initiative is to promote the concept of legal aid in an
institutionalized manner and ensure that those lawyers
who volunteer
for such services are duly recognized.</li>
</ul>
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Tele-Lawinitiative">Tele-Law initiative</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Union Ministry of Law and
Justice has partnered with the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>To provide legal aid
services through its Common
Service Centres
(CSC) at the Panchayat level across India</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It will
enable people to seek legal advice from lawyers through video
conferencing. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Law school clinics,
District Legal Service Authorities, voluntary service providers and NGOs
working on legal aid can also be connected through the CSCs in order to
strengthen access to justice for the marginalized. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The National Legal
Services Authority (NALSA) will also provide a panel of lawyers from
State capitals</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Every CSC will engage a Para
Legal Volunteer (PLV), who will be the first point of contact for the rural
citizens</li>
</ul>
 
<h3 style='color:#000000;margin:0in;text-indent:-.1666in;font-family:Calibri;
font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5' lang=en-US id="ParaLegalVolunteers"<img
width=16 height=16 alt="Imp Prelims" src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_fab708a3e3f249ad85c73c8524bc0ea1~mv2.png"> Para
Legal Volunteers </h3>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>They will be the first
point of contact for the rural citizens and will help them in
understanding the legal issues, explain the advice given by lawyers and
assist in further action required. </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Women PLVs will be
encouraged and trained under the Scheme. The aim is to promote women
entrepreneurship and empowerment and ensure women participation</li>
</ul>
 
 
<h1 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:16.0pt;color:#1E4E79'
lang=en-US> </h1>
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="Section124A">Section 124A</h2>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Section 124A deals with
Sedition </li>
</ul>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Sedition is defined as “disaffection” against the 
ernment,
or bringing it into “hatred or contempt
</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Invoked when there
is an imminent threat to public order and incitement to take up arms or resort to violence</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It is punishable with three years in
prison or a life term and is a non-bailable offence </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It
was a colonial law directed
against strong criticism of
the British administration.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Kedar Nath Singh vs State of
Bihar 1962, SC held that </li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>only a “violent re
olution
against the government attracts the charge of sedition.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>A free expression of
disapprobation against the ruling government's action with an intention
to better the condition of the people is not treason</li>
</ul>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It has to be against the
state, not against the government and also
there has to be a direct
incitement to violence. </li>
</ul>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Cons</li>
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It defines the offence in
wide terms threatening the liberty of citizens</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Process of having to
prove innocence of offence is itself is a punishment </li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
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margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The problem is not with the section,
but with its abuse</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>NCRB data
shows, b/w 2016-19,  no. of cases
of sedition under Section 124A  increased by 160%, while the rate of conviction dropped to 3.3% in 2019
from 33.3% in 2016.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Need to have relook of
the section </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>After all, when the situation
changes, the statute calls for a
change as law cannot afford to remain static</li>
</ul>
</ul>