General

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="FederalSystem">Federal System</h2>

 

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Federal
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Unitary
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India,
Russia, US, Canada, Brazil,
Switzerland, Argentina, Australia
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China, Japan, UK,
France, Italy, Sweden, Spain
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Written
constitution
Supremacy
of constitution
Rigid
Constitution
Dual Govt (national/federal/union
and state(US)/provincial(Canada)/cantons(Switzerland)/republics(Russia))
Independent Judiciary [NOTE: NOT INTEGRATED]
Bicameral
Legislature
Division
of powers b/w national and regional govts
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Written/Unwritten
constitution
Supreme/Not
supreme
Rigid/flexible
Single
govt (regional govts may be created by national)
May/May
not be independent
May
be bicameral/unicameral
No
division of powers
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<h3 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:12.0pt;color:#5B9BD5'
lang=en-US id="UnitaryfeaturesinIndianConstitution:">Unitary features in Indian Constitution: </h3>

Strong Centre, States destructible, Single constitution,
Single citizenship, Flexible constitution, No equality in state representation,
emergency provisions, integrated judiciary,
integrated audit machinery, integrated election machinery, All India services,
Parliament authority over State bills, Presidential veto over certain state
bills, appointment of Governor 

 

 

 

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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="BridgeforCentre-StateandInter-Staterelations">Bridge for Centre-State and Inter-State relations</h2>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Inter State Councils (plural)
- constitutional - 263</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Zonal Councils - Statutory
& North Eastern Council - Statutory</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Governors' conference
presided by President</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Chief Ministers conference
presided by PM</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Home Ministers conference
presided by Union Home Minister</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Chief Justices conference
presided by CJI</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Conference of Vice
Chancellors (Minister of HRD?)</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Chief Secretaries Conference
presided by Cabinet Secretary</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Conference of Inspector
General of Police</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>NITI Ayog General Council</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Full faith and credit is to
be given to all public acts(legislative and executive), records and state</li>
</ul>

 

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lang=en-US id="dummy"> </h2>

 

<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="ZonalCouncils">Zonal Councils</h2>

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Statutory bodies established
under States Reorganisation Act 1956</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Deliberate and advisory bodies</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>There are 5 five Zonal
councils namely:</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Northern Zonal Council,
comprising the States of Haryana, HP, J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan, NCR and UT Chandigarh.</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Central Zonal Council,
comprising the States of Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Eastern Zonal Council,
comprising the States of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, and West Bengal.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Western Zonal Council,
comprising the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union
Territories of Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The Southern Zonal Council,
comprising the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Telangana and the Union Territory of Puducherry.</li>
</ul>
</ul>

 

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>**The North Eastern States
i.e. (i) Assam (ii) Arunachal Pradesh (iii) Manipur (iv) Tripura (v)
Mizoram (vi) Meghalaya (vii) Sikkim and (viii) Nagaland are not included
in the Zonal Councils and their special problems are looked after by the North
Eastern Council,
set up under the North Eastern Council Act,
1972</li>
</ul>

 

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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Composition:</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Chairman – <
pan
style='font-weight:bold;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt'>Union Home
Minister </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Vice Chairman – The
Chief
Ministers of the States included in each zone act as Vice-Chairman of the
Zonal Council for that zone by rotation, each holding office for a period
of one year at a time.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Members- Chief Minister and
two other Ministers as nominated by the Governor from each of the States
and two members from Union Territories included in the zone.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Advisers- One person
nominated by the NITI Ayog for each of the Zonal Councils, Chief
Secretaries and another officer/Development Commissioner nominated by
each of the States included in the Zone.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Union Ministers are also
invited to participate in the meetings of Zonal Councils depending upon
necessity</li>
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</ul>

 

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lang=en-US>Objectives</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle;color:black'
lang=en-US>Bringing
out national integration.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle;color:black'
lang=en-US>Arresting
the growth of acute State consciousness, regionalism, linguism and
particularistic tendencies.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle;color:black'
lang=en-US>Enabling
the Centre and the States to co-operate and exchange ideas and
experiences.</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle;color:black'
lang=en-US>Establishing
a climate of co-operation amongst the States for successful and speedy
execution of development projects.</li>
</ul>
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