Constitution Evolution

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<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5' id="ObjectivesResolution">Objectives
Resolution</h2>
 
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>It is the resolution
that defined the aims (objectives) of the constitution, moved by
Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly in 13-12-1946 and
unanimously adopted in 22-01-1947</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'>Summary</li>
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<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>India is an
independent, sovereign, republic; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>India shall be a Union
of erstwhile British Indian territories, Indian States, and other
parts outside British India and Indian States as are willing
to be a part of the Union; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Territories forming
the Union shall be autonomous units and exercise all powers and
functions of the Government and administration, except those assigned to
or vested in the Union; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>All powers
and authority of sovereign and independent India and its constitution
shall flow from the people; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>All people of India
shall be guaranteed and secured social, economic and political justice;
equality of status and opportunities and equality before law; and
fundamental freedoms - of speech, expression, belief, faith, worship,
vocation, association and action - subject to law and public morality; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The minorities,
backward and tribal areas, depressed and other backward classes shall be
provided adequate safeguards; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The territorial
integrity of the Republic and its sovereign rights on land, sea and air
shall be maintained according to justice and law of civilized nations; </li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>The land would make
full and willing contribution to the promotion of world
peace and welfare of mankind. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
 
 
<h2 style='color:#000000;margin:0in;text-indent:-.1666in;font-family:Calibri;
font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5' lang=en-US id="SourcesofConstitution"<img
width=16 height=16 alt=Byheart src="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/760013_bce95a45add849f9b50120d225499a56~mv2.png"> Sources
of Constitution</h2>
 
 
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<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Government
of India Act 1935 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Federal
Scheme [Quasi federal from Canada]
Three
Lists
Office
of Governor [Appointment from Canada]
Judiciary

Public
Service Commission
Emergency
Provisions [356 from Germany]
Administrative
Details 
Instrument
of Instructions [DPSP-Also from Ireland]
Structural
Part
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
British
Constitution 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Parliamentary
form of government 
The
idea of single citizenship 
The
idea of the Rule of law
Procedure
established by Law
Equality
before law 
Institution
of Speaker and his role
Law
making procedure
Cabinet
system
Prerogative
writs (privilege to certain class/institutions)
President(nominal
head)
Bicameral
parliament
Office of
Profit
First
Past the post
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
United
States Constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Preamble 
Fundamental
Rights 
Federal
structure of government [Quasi federal from Canada]
Electoral
College 
Separation
of powers among the three branches of the government 
Independence of the judiciary 
Judicial
review 
Equal
Protection under law 
President
as supreme commander of armed forces 
Impeachment of President [Election from Irish]
Removal
of Supreme court and high court Judges
Post of Vice President
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Irish
Constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Directive
principles of state policy {Ireland itself borrowed it from Spain} 
Nomination of members to Rajyasabha
[Nomination from Irish and Election from South Africa]
Method of election of President [Impeachment from
US]
Appointment
of state governors by centre (both Canada and Ireland)
Advisory
jurisdiction of Supreme court (both Canada and Ireland)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Australian
Constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.7048in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Freedom
of trade and commerce within the country and between the states 
Power
of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties, even on
matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction 
Concurrent List 
Joint
sitting of Parliament
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
French
Constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ideals
of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
Republic
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Canadian
Constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Quasi-federal form of government —
federal
system with a strong central government 
Distribution
of powers between the central government and state governments 
Residual
powers retained by the central government
Appointment
of state governors by centre (both Canada and Ireland)
Advisory
jurisdiction of Supreme court (both Canada and Ireland)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Soviet
Union
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Fundamental Duties 
Idea
of social, economic, political justice
in preamble
Planning
of National Economy
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3333in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Germany(Weimar
Constitution)
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6159in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Emergency Provision Under article 356 
Suspension
of Fundamental rights
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
South
Africa
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Amendment of Constitution
Election of Rajyasabha members [Nomination
from Irish and Election from South Africa] 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.3138in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Japan
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:8.6354in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Due
Procedure of Law [Not in India according to Indian Constitution]
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
 
  
References
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>British Parliamentary, US
presidential</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>US written, British
Unwritten</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>British - parliamentary
Sovereignty , US - Judicial Supremacy, India - mix</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>US - Dual citizenship</li>
</ul>
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Direct democracy -
Switzerland</li>
</ul>
 
 
Note:
<ol type=1 style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:11.0pt;
font-weight:normal;font-style:normal'>
<li value=1 style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle'
lang=en-US>Conversion of federal into Unitary one
during emergency is a unique feature of Indian constitution</li>
<ul type=circle style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>It is not inspired from any
constitution. Don’t confuse with Weimer constitution </l
</ul>
</ol>
 
 
 
<h2 style='margin:0in;font-family:Calibri;font-size:14.0pt;color:#2E75B5'
lang=en-US id="ComparisonofConstitution">Comparison of Constitution</h2>
 
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<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
India
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:4.1875in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
US
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Written
constitution and Preamble
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.1875in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Written
constitution and Preamble
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Indestructible
union of destructible states
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.1875in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Indestructible
union of indestructible states
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Single
citizenship
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.1875in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Dual
citizenship
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Parliamentary
System
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.1875in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Presidential
system
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Three
lists
Legislative
power for residuary subjects left to Union
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.2562in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Only
single list - Federal list
Legislative
power for residuary subjects left to states
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.4784in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Constituent
power vested with parliament and in few cases with State legislature
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.168in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Separate
institution constituent convention
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:6.459in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
CAG is
not part of legislature 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:4.1875in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
CAG is
part of legislature 
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
 
 
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<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:2.9652in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
India
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:2.6013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Canada
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.9652in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Three
lists
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.6708in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Two
lists - Federal and Provincial
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.9847in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Mix of
rigid and flexible constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.5819in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Rigid
constitution
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.9652in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Federalism
with strong centre
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.6013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Federalism
with strong centre
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.9652in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Parliamentary
Govt
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:2.6013in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Parliamentary
Govt 
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
 
 
<div style='direction:ltr'>
<table border=1 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 valign=top style='direction:ltr;
border-collapse:collapse;border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:
1pt' title="" summary="">
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
India
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
background-color:yellow;vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
British
(UK)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Written
constitution
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Unwritten

</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Elected
head
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Monarchial
head
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Constitution
is supreme
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Parliament
is supreme
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
PM
shall be member of parliament
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
PM
shall be member of lower house of parliament
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Concept
present but not institutionalised 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Shadow
cabinet institution present
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Federal
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Unitary
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Not
required 
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
Ministers
required to counter sign the official acts of the crown and are held liable
in the courts for those acts
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:3.184in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
CAG is
not part of Parliament
</td>
<td style='border-style:solid;border-color:#A3A3A3;border-width:1pt;
vertical-align:top;width:7.8944in;padding:2.0pt 3.0pt 2.0pt 3.0pt'>
CAG is
officer of Parliament 
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
 
 
<ul type=disc style='margin-left:.375in;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;
margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in'>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Russian Parliament name Duma</li>
<li style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;vertical-align:middle' lang=en-US>Japanese parliament or Diet</li>
</ul>
 
</ul>