Original constitution do not have tribunals. 42nd CAA included it (Swaran Singh Committee recommended)

‘Tribunal’ is a /span>administrative body established for the purpose of discharging quasi-judicial duties.
An Administrative Tribunal is neither a Court nor an executive body rather a midway between the two. However, Tribunals are part of Judiciary system ( Chandra Kumar Case 1997)
The Tribunal has to observe the principles of natural justice or act in accordance with the statutory provisions under which the Tribunal is established.
Source of power for creation of Tribunals

Constitution - 323A (Administrative) , 323B (certain subjects) , 262 (inter-state river waters) etc.
Legislation Ex: NGT Act, Companies Act, Armed Forces Tribunal Act

Article 323A deals with administrative tribunals.

Only Parliament empowered to create administrative tribunals for adjudication of disputes of recruitment and service conditions of central, state, local, public corporations and other public authorities
Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985- An Act to provide for the adjudication by Administrative Tribunals of disputes with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services.

Establishment of Central Administrative Tribunal - matters related to central authorities
State Administrative Tribunals - matters related to state authorities - formed by GOI on request of States
Joint Administrative Tribunals - two or more states request

Only one level of tribunals. No hierarchy of administrative tribunals (no original/appellate)< /li>

Article 323B deals with tribunals for other matters.

both Parliament and state legislatures are authorized to establish tribunals for various purposes like taxation, foreign exchange, industry and labour disputes, import and exports across customs frontiers, ceiling on urban property, rent, food stuffs, elections to Parliament and state legislatures etc.
Hierarchy of tribunals can be made (original, appellate etc.)

Article 262 empowered Inter-state Water disputes tribunal

Cyber Appellate Tribunal (CyAT)	matters related to information technology
Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)	Telecom disputes
National Green Tribunal	NGT Act 2010 Cases related to environment protection	Disposal within 6 months
River water disputes tribunal	Under Article 262. But not under 323B
National Company Law Tribunal NCLT	Matters related to companies; Companies Act 2013
National GST appellate tribunal
Securities Appellate Tribunal	to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India or by an adjudicating officer under the Act
Debt Recovery Tribunal	Recovery of Debts Act 1993
Central Administrative Tribunal	Matters related to public servants. Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985
Real Estate Appellate Tribunals	RERA Act 2016	Within 60 days
Foreign Tribunals	Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964 under Foreigners Act 1964

Constitution provided to Parliament/State legislature for tribunals to adjudicate election disputes to Parliament and State legislature. So far, no such tribunal is established (Art. 323B).
According to the constitution, a direct right of appeal to the Supreme Court from tribunals is conferred. However, SC held in Chandra Kumar Case, 1997 that appeals first go to HC

323A, 323B excludes jurisdiction of all courts except SC under Article 136 (Special Leave petition)

Rojer Mathew case 2019

Tribunal members appointment

Qualification and appointment rules w.r.t Tribunals

Qualification and appointment rules w.r.t Tribunal members conferred primacy on Government which is invalid
Lack of judicial dominance in the Search-cum-Selection Committee is in direct contravention of the doctrine of separation of powers and an encroachment on the judicial domain
Quashed Tribunal, Appellate Tribunal and other Authorities (Qualifications, Experience and other Conditions of Service of Members) Rules, 2017
However, Central Govt is empowered to frame rules related to tribunals

Members of tribunals should not be given rank and status akin to Constitutional functionaries

Central Administrative Tribunal CAT

established by the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985
Mandate: Adjudication of disputes with respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or other local authorities within the territory of India or under the control of Government of India and all such connected matters

All India services, central civil services, central civil posts, civilian employees in defence forces

USP:

It is not bound by the procedure laid down in the Civil Procedure Code.
Guided by principles of natural justice

Multi member body consisting of members drawn from both the judicial and administrative streams
Members appointed by President and status of High court judges
Secretarial staff of Parliament, defence forces, servants of SC are excluded from it.
Appeals against CAT decisions should first be appealed to High Court and later SC

National Company Law Tribunal NCLT

Statutory, Constituted by the Corporate Affairs Ministry in June 2016
Under the Companies Act, 2013 [created 4 statutory bodies Tribunal, Reporting, Fraud, Education]
It replaced Company Law Board (CLB)
It has been set up at 10 locations, including the national capital, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Chennai
Powers: To delegate inquiry related to proceedings before it, securing assistance of a magistrate or collector to take possession of property etc.
Finish case in three months
Appeal: NCLAT
Cases

Arbitration, compromise, Merger & Acquisition
Converting Public ltd. To private ltd.
Filing Class action suits (Satyam investors)

National Green Tribunal

Established under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010 => Statutory body
Mandate

effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources
enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto
disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of filing

The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles of natural justice.
New Delhi is the Principal Place of Sitting of the Tribunal and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai shall be the other four place of sitting of the Tribunal
It adjudicates matters relating to following Acts-

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
Forest Conservation Act 1980
Biological Diversity Act 2002

Note: Wildlife protection Act 1972, Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest Rights Act 2006 is not under jurisdiction of NGT

India is the third country to have full-fledged green tribunal after New Zealand and Australia.
Consequent on coming into effect of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, the National Environment Tribunal Act stands repealed.

It had earlier proposed to establish a National Environment Tribunal under the National Environment Tribunal, Act 1995. But the National Environment Tribunal never became functional

National Green Tribunal (NGT) sets stringent conditions for commercial use of Groundwater

Tribunals