Pardoning types

Pardon	Removes both sentence and conviction. Completely absolves convict
Commute	Substitution of one form of punishment by lighter form
Remission	Reduce period of sentence without changing any character
Respite	Award lesser sentence due to special fact of physical disability or pregnancy mother
Reprieve	Temporary stay of execution of sentence

President can exercise these powers even where the punishment or sentence is by court martial;

Pardoning power is subjected to judicial review on the grounds of irrational, arbitrary and discrimination

President	Governor
All 5 types	All 5 types
Can pardon death sentences	Cannot pardon death sentence
Article 72	Article 161
Punishment or sentence by court martial Punishment or sentence which the executive power of the Union extends Death sentence	Punishment or sentence which the executive power of the State extends No death sentence pardoning
Tradition (as India has unitary legal system) major offenses and offenses committed in the UT s are referred to President	Tradition Minor offences are referred to Governor

Veto power of President

Absolute veto	reject a bill
Suspensive veto	return a bill (However, parliament can re-passage it)
Pocket veto	keep bill pending for indefinite period

No veto for Constitutional Amendment bills
No suspensive veto for money bills

Cabinet Secretary/Secretariat

Under the direct charge of PM

Cabinet Secretary is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board (recommends Joint secretary and above to GOI)
Functions

Responsible for the administration of the Government of India (Transaction of Business) Rules, 1961 and the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules 1961, facilitating smooth transaction of business in Ministries/Departments of the Government by ensuring adherence to these rules
President, the Vice President and Ministers are kept informed of the major activities of all Ministries/Departments by means of monthly summary of their activities.
Management of major crisis situations in the country
Convening of the meetings of the Cabinet on the orders of the Prime Minister and preparation, circulation of agenda of such meetings
Where inter-Ministerial cooperation is involved, they often seek the assistance of the Cabinet Secretariat.

Non legislature member to be minister

Article 164 (4) of the Constitution merely states: “A Minister who for any peri d of six consecutive months is not a

member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.”

However, this is not an enabling clause for a non-legislature member to be minister. This has to be looked from the perspective of disqualification and not from enablement perspective. This was ruled in SC judgement case of B.R. Kapoor Vs State of Tamil Nadu and Others

Even when there is an iota of doubt about the ability of the person to get elected to Assembly within six months, Article 164 (4) has to be interpreted as a restriction/ disqualification as contained in the interpretation of the Supreme Court verdict.”

Oath

CJI and Judges of SC	Appointed by President	Oath administered by President or any person delegated by him
Judges of HC	Appointed by President	Oath administered by Governor or any person delegated by him
Delhi CM	Appointed by President	Oath administered by Lt Governor or any person delegated by him

Cabinet Committee

Extra constitutional body. Established by Governments of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961

NOTE: [Parliamentary committees are constitutional ]

To reduce enormous workload of Cabinet and facilitate in-depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination
Constituted by PM as the case needs be
Adhoc and Standing
Members can be Cabinet ministers and sometimes non-cabinet ministers as well
Members vary from 3 to 8
Mostly headed by PM or some time, HM/FM. If PM is member, he is invariably Presides
Cabinet Committees can also take decisions. However those can be overruled/reviewed by Cabinet
Political Affairs Committee is powerful [Super-cabinet]

Cabinet Committee	Parliamentary Committee
Executive	Legislature
Ministers	Members of Parliament
Extra constitutional	Mentioned in constitution
Can take decisions. However can be overruled by Cabinet	Recommendatory

List of Cabinet Committee - Total 8 now

Appointments Committee of Cabinet	PM	PM, Home Minister	For higher level appointments of banks, financial institutions, central secretariat, public enterprises
CCEA Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs	PM	PM, HM, FM, MEA, so many	Economic sphere including rural development, industrial license, disinvestment, WTO, Aadhar , prices of industrial raw materials, PDS MSP decided by CCEA on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).]
Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs	Defence Min		Summon/recess; review legislations by State, scrutiny and consideration of private bills, progress of parliamentary business
Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs	PM		Centre-state issues, economic and political issues, foreign matters that are not related to security
Cabinet Committee on Security CCS	PM	PM, HM, MEA, Minister of Defence, FM	External and internal security, matter related to atomic energy
Cabinet Committee on Accommodation	HM

New Cabinet Committees - June 2019

Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth	PM	PM, HM, FM, MoD, MoRTH& MSME, MoR & C&I	Identify and monitor key projects required to be implemented on a time-bound basis, involving investments of Rs 1,000 crore or more, or any other critical projects, as may be specified by it, with regard to infrastructure and manufacturing
Cabinet Committee on Employment and Skill Development	PM	PM, HM, FM, MoD, MHRD and so many< span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>	Provide direction to all policies, programmes, schemes and initiatives for skill development aimed at increasing the employability of the workforce The panel will set targets for expeditious implementation of all skill development initiatives

Group of Ministers GoM

In addition to Cabinet Committees, GoMs are constituted to look into different issues/subjects and this is the favourite mode now
Some GoMs are empowered to take decisions - Empowered Group of Ministers while some GoMs are recommendatory

Order of Precedence

(same rank means - alphabetical order)

1	President
2	Vice President
3	PM
4	Governors within their states
5	Former Presidents
5A	Deputy Prime Minister
6	Chief Justice of India Speaker of LS
7	Union Cabinet Ministers CMs within their states Former PMs LOP in LS, RS Deputy Chairman, NITI Ayog
8	Extraordinary ambassadors and plenipotentiary of common wealth countries accredited to India CMs outside their states Governors outside their states
9	Judges of SC
9A	UPSC Chairman, CAG, CEC
10	Deputy Chairman of RS
..	Attorney General Cabinet Secretary Lt. Governor of UTs
	Chiefs of Staff holding the rank of full General or equivalent rank

Part 5 - Executive