1-35

All are important

11	Power of Parliament to enact laws relating to Citizenship
13	Laws inconsistent with FR are void	Judicial review
14	Right to Equality
15(4) & 15(5)	Reservations SCs and STs, socially and educationally backward classes	Ex: Educational Institutions
16(4)	Reservations SCs and STs and backward classes	Public Employment
15(6)	Reservations for EWS	Educational Institutions
16(6)	Reservations for EWS	Public Employment
19	Freedom of speech, assemble, associate, movement, residence, profession RTI is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)
21	Right to life Right to privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21
21A	Right to education
31B	Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[which are in 9th schedule]
31C	Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles
32	Constitutional remedies
39	Certain principles to be followed by state	Reduce income inequalities
39A	Equal justice and free legal aid
40	Organisation of village panchayats
44	Uniform Civil Code for citizens
46	Welfare of weaker sections - ST, SCs in particular
48A	Protection of environment, forests, wild life
51A	FD	Environment

52

President of India

There shall be President of India

63

VP

There shall be vice president of India

72

Pardoning powers

Pardoning powers of President

74

Council of Ministers

Council of Ministers to aid and advise President

75

Ministers Provisions

75(1)	PM appointed by President and other ministers by President on advice of PM
75(2)	Minister holds officer during the pleasure of President
75(3)	Council of Ministers collectively responsible to Lok Sabha	Parliamentary system

76

Attorney General

79

Parliament

There shall be a Parliament

102

Disqualifications of MP

102(1)(a) -Office of profit

110

Money bills

Definition (judicial review possible). Art 199 in respect of State money bills

111

Assent to Bills

Absolute, pocket, suspensive veto. Art 200 in respect of State bills

112

Annual Financial Statement

Capital expenditure vs Revenue expenditure ; charged expenditure vs voted expenditure

113

Grants

114

Appropriation Bills

No money shall be withdrawn from Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law passed in accordance with the provision of this article

117

Financial Bills I, II

Financial Bill I - Art 117(1), Financial Bill II - Art 117(3),

122

Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament (Judicial immunity)

123

President

Legislative power of President to issue ordinances [Art. 213 in case of Governor Ordinances]

124

SC

Establishment and constitution of SC

131

SC

Original jurisdiction of SC

132-134

SC

Appellate jurisdiction

136

Special Leave petition

Supreme Court of India with a special power to grant special leave, to appeal against any judgment or order or decree in any matter or cause, passed or made by any Court/tribunal in the territory of India except Military tribunals or court martials

137

SC Review of own order

Review of judgements or orders by the SC

139

SC Writ power

Power of SC to issue writs [Art. 226 for High Court Writ power]

142

Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme court

Ayodya verdict

142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and unless as to discovery, etc ( 1 ) The Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and any decree so passed or orders so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India in such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe

145(3)

Constitutional bench of atleast 5 judges

148

CAG

There shall be CAG of India

149

Duties & Powers of CAG

150

Form of accounts of Union and States specified by President on the advice of CAG

151

CAG Audit Reports

153

Governor in States

There shall be Governor

163

Council of Ministers

Council of Ministers in States to aid and advise Governor

164

Ministers Provisions

165

Advocate General

168

Legislatures in States

199

Money bills def

110 in respect of Parliament money bills

200

Assent to bills

111 in respect of Parliament bills assent

201

State bills for President

State bills reserved for Presidents considerations

202

State Annual Financial Statement. Art 112 in respect of Union Annual Financial statement

213

Governor Ordinances

Art. 123 in case of President Ordinances

214

HCs

High courts for States

226

HC Writs

Writ jurisdiction of High Court

227

HC superintendence over all courts

239

UTs

Administration of UTs

239A

Special provisions Delhi

Also creation of legislatures for UTs

240

President special UTs

Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories - A&N, Lakshadeep, D&N&D&D, Ladakh

243

Panchayati Raj

Definitions

243A

Gram Sabha

243B

Constitution of Panchayats

243D

Reservations in Panchayats

243I

Finance commission to review financial position of panchayats

243Q

Municipalities

Constitution of Municipalities

243T

Reservations in Municipalities

243ZI

Cooperatives

Incorporation of Cooperative societies

243ZJ

Reservation in cooperatives

244

Scheduled areas

244(1) - Scheduled Areas - 5th schedule

244(2) - Tribal areas (incl. autonomous districts) - 6th schedule

Sixth schedule 1(2) - Autonomous regions

246

Legislative subjects

Subjects of Parliament and state legislatures

246A

GST

Both states and Centre has powers to tax Goods and Services

254(1)

Centre-state relations

if there exists a Central law on a concurrent subject, then a State law cannot override it.

254(2)

Centre-state relations

if a State law receives presidential assent after due consideration, then it can apply in contravention to the Central law in that State

256

Obligation of Union and States in respect of Administrative relations

257

Control of Union over States in respect of certain cases communication, transport

(NOTE: Mother tongue under 350A, welfare of tribes under ……)

262

Inter-state river water disputes

(i) Parliament may by law provide for adjudication of any dispute or complaint with respect to use, distribution and control of waters of any inter-state river and river valley

(ii)Parliament may also provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court is to exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint

263

Inter State Council

265

Tax

No tax shall be levied or collected except by authority of law

266

Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and States

267

Contingency Fund

275

282

Centre-State Financial relations

275 -Statutory grants to needy States (general and specific)

282 - Discretionary grants

270

Taxes levied and distributed b/w Union and States

279A

GST Council

280

Finance Commission

300

Suits and proceedings

300A

Right to property as a legal right [constitutional right but not FR]

311

Safeguards to civil servants

312

All India services

323A,B

Tribunals

323A - Administrative Tribunals, 323B - Tribunals for other matters

324

Election Commission

Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission

330

Reservations SCs and STs

Lok Sabha

332

Reservations SCs and STs

State assemblies

331

Anglo Indians (Not valid beyond 2020)

Lok Sabha; 104 CAA

333

Anglo Indians (Not valid beyond 2020)

State assemblies; 104 CAA

338

National Commission for Scheduled Castes [Also for Anglo-Indians]

338A

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

338B

National Commission for Backward classes

339

Control of Union over administration of Scheduled Areas and welfare of Scheduled Tribes

341

SCs

342

STs

343

Official language of Union

345

Official language(s) of States

350A

Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage

350B

Special officer for linguistic minorities

351

Directive for development of Hindi language

352

National Emergency

353,

354

Impact of National Emergency

355

Duty of the Union to protect the States against external aggression or internal disturbance

356

President Rule

Presidents rule in case of failure of Constitutional machinery in the States [Also see 365]

357

Impact of Presidents rule

358

Automatic Suspension of Article 19 when National emergency

359

President manual - Suspension of enforcement of FRs when National emergency except 20, 21

360

Financial Emergency

365

States failure to comply with the directions given by Union

366

Definitions

366(24)

SC

Scheduled Castes” means such castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups withi such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this Constitution

366(25)

ST

“Schedul Tribes” means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups ithin such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution;

366(26C)

OBC

"socially and educationally backward classes" means such backward classes as are so deemed under article 342A for the purposes of this Constitution;

367

Intrepretation

Article 367 contains guidance on how to read or interpret some provisions

368

Constitutional amendment

370

Repealed

Special Status to J&K by President (Not a CAA);

Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019

371

Special MH &GJ

371A-H

Special provisions

NAM DASH DASH SMA GK; Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, AP, AP, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, KA

FR

12 Definition.

13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

Right to Equality

14 Equality before law and equal protection under law.

15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth only.

16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

17 Abolition of Untouchability.

18 Abolition of titles.

Right to Freedom

19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech & expression, associate, assemble, movement, residence and profession

20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences. (no ex-post facto law, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination)

21 Protection of life and personal liberty.

(Right to live with human dignity, privacy, livelihood, shelter, health, free legal aid, free education upto 14 years, decent environment, hearing, fair and speedy trail, against solitary confinement, against delayed execution, against custodial harassment, against handcuffing, against hanging publicly, information, reputation, travel abroad, )

22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right against Exploitation

23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.

24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.

Right to Freedom of Religion

25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.

(1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion

(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law

(a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice;

(b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus

26 Freedom to manage religious affairs.

27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.

28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

Cultural and Educational Rights

29 Protection of interests of minorities. (protection of distinct culture, language, script, religion by majorities/minorities)

30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

31 (Right to Property)[Repealed.]

44rth CAA 1978

Saving of Certain Laws

31A Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, properties, shareholder rights, mining leases etc.

31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.[which are in 9th schedule]

31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.

31D [Repealed.]

Right to Constitutional Remedies

32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.

33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.

34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.

35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

DPSP

Lib-Intel = Liberal and Intellectual

36 Definition of the State same as that of in Part III

37 Application of the principles contained in this Part. Non justiciable but fundamental in governance and it shall be the duty of State to apply these provisions.

38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people (i) by Justice (social, economic, political) (ii) by minimizing inequalities in income, status, facilities, opportunities	Socialist	Second provision added by 44rth CAA 1978
39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.	Socialist	Right to Livelihood (FR under Right to Life) Equitable distribution of resources of community for common good Prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production Equal pay for equal work for men and women Preservation of health and strength of workers against abuse Opportunities for healthy development of Children[42nd CAA]
39A Equal justice and free legal aid.	Socialist	Added in 42nd CAA. Free legal aid is FR under Right to Life
40 Organisation of village panchayats.	Gandhian	Self-government
41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.	Socialist	Public assistance in case of old age, unemployment, sickness, disability
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.	Socialist
43 Living wage, decent life, cultural, social opportunities for workers and in particular Promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperation basis	Socialist Gandhian
43A Participation of workers in management of industries.	Socialist	Added in 42nd CAA 1976
43B Promote voluntary formation, functioning, democratic control, professional management of Cooperative societies	Gandhian	97th CAA 2011
44 Uniform civil code for the citizens.	Lib-Intel
45 Early childhood care and education for all children upto 6 years	Lib-Intel	86th CAA 2002
46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.	Gandhian
47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. Prohibit consumption of intoxicant drinks, drugs	Socialist Gandhian
48 Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry on modern scientific lines Prohibit slaughter of cows, calves, other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds	Lib-Intel Gandhian
48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.	Lib-Intel	Added in 42nd CAA
49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of artistic, historical interest that are of national importance.	Lib-Intel
50 Separation of judiciary from executive.	Lib-Intel
51 Promotion of international peace and security. Respect for international law and treaty obligations. Encourage dispute settlement by arbitration. Maintain just and honorable relations b/w nations	Lib-Intel

Mnemonic:

Liberal-Intellectual - JP CEMENt - Judiciary, Peace, Civil , Education, Modernize, Environment, National Importance

Gandhian - There is a village panchayat where people live in cottages. They have formed AMUL cooperative society where they pool COWs milk. There is no discrimination of Dalits and alcohol is completely prohibited in that village

OR Villages, Cooperatives, Cottages, Cow, Dalits, Alcohol

Socialist - Lawyer is fighting a case to deliver justice for poor workers for free because the factory owner is making them work in dark humid conditions with very low wage and no union formation allowed and that why their health is bad. They can neither take their children to School nor their pregnant wife to hospital.

Liberal-Intellectual (7)

Gandhian (6)

Socialist (9)

Judiciary separation from executive

Peace international

Civil -Uniform Civil Code

Education upto 6 years

Modernize - agricultural and animal husbandry

Environment

National Importance

Village panchayats

Cooperatives

Cottages industries

Cow slaughter prohibition

Dalits (ST, SC, Weaker)

Alcohol prohibition

Justice for people welfare

Right to Livelihood

Equal Pay

Labour welfare

Free legal aid

Right to Work, Right to Education, Right to Public Assistance (old age)

Just and Humane conditions for work and maternity relief

Participation of workers in the management of industries

Nutrition, Health and Standard of living

Legally non enforceable and non -justiciable at the time of constitution making because

Country did not possess sufficient financial resources to implement them
Presence of vast diversity and backwards in the country would stand in the way of their implementation
Many preoccupations of newly independent India

Adjectives

Fundamental to governance

Concept of welfare state

Moral obligation

Beacon lights to the courts

Amplify the preamble

Common Political Manifesto

Policies that Govt should adopt

Goals and objectives that society should adopt

Rights that an individual should enjoy apart from Fundamental rights

Fundamental Duties 11

Original constitution 10 + 1 added (86th CAA 2002)

(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;

(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;

(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

Note: Duty to pay taxes, casting vote are not fundamental duties

Penalties and punishments by Law as recommended by Swaran Singh Committee is not incorporated

Adjectives

Some are moral and some are civic duties

11th schedule

(Panchayat subjects)

1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.

2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation.

3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.

4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.

5. Fisheries.

12. Fuel and fodder.

22. Markets and fairs.

6. Social forestry and farm forestry.

7. Minor forest produce.

8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries.

9. Khadi, village and cottage industries.

10. Rural housing.

11. Drinking water.

13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of communication.

14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.

15. Non-conventional energy sources.

16. Poverty alleviation programme.

28. Public distribution system.

17. Education, including primary and secondary schools.

18. Technical training and vocational education.

19. Adult and non-formal education.

20. Libraries.

21. Cultural activities.

23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centres and dispensaries.

24. Family welfare.

25. Women and child development.

26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.

27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

29. Maintenance of community assets

Imp Articles