Algae - possess chlorophyll- autotrophs - Fresh water algae- green/blue green in color, marine algae - red or brown
Fungi - No Chlorophyll- Saprotrophs or parasites. Eukaryotic (membrane bound nucleus) and multicellular (single cell fungi are called yeasts)
Bacteria - no chlorophyll - Saprotrophs or parasites. Prokaryotic and unicellular

Optimum pH of most bacteria and protozoa is near neutrality
Blue-green Bacteria prefers more alkaline environment while fungi prefers more acidic environment
pH less than 7 is acidic

Virus represents dormant life. They are metabolically inactive as long as they are outside a host body. They are not decomposers. They invade host cells and use their nucleus (DNA machinery) to carry out their life processes.
Lichens - symbiotic association of Algae and Fungi. Lichens have no roots, no cuticle, and acquire all their nutrients from direct exposure to the atmosphere rather than from the soil
Corals - symbiotic association of Algae and Coral polyp
Anabaena Azolla -symbiotic association b/w water fern Azolla and Cyano-bacteria (algae) - Nitrogen fixation in oceans
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants
Cyanobacteria is a blue-green algae which is an aquatic one.[Nitrogen fixation]

Autotrophs (primary producers)

Heterotrophs (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers)

Phagotrophs (feeds by ingesting organisms/organic material and digested in the body)

Parasites (obtain nutrition by living on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism )

Holoparasite – are those which /span> depend completely on the host for their nutritional needs
Hemiparasites – are those which are capable of both photosynthesis and parasitism

Decomposers ( any organism that breaks down organic matter)

Saprotrophs (obtain nutrition by feeding on decaying organic matter of dead plants and animals; mostly fungi; obtain nutrition out of its cell)

Detrivores (obtain nutrition by feeding on decaying organic matter; mostly animals; obtain nutrition by digesting inside its cell)

Osmotrophs (obtain its nutrition from organic compounds in solution from its surroundings)

Epiphytes (grows harmlessly on another plant and derives nutrients and moisture from air, sun, rain)

Bryophytes- differentiated into small stem, small leaves but true roots are absent, small plants grew in small amount of soil - Ex: Mosses

Pteridophytes - well differentiated plant bodies

Prokaryotes - unicellular organisms with nuclei unbounded in cellular membrane Ex: bacteria

Eukaryotic - unicellular organisms with bounded nuclei in cellular membrane Ex: Fungi

NOTE: Virus is neither a Eukaryotic nor Prokaryotic. It is simply a genetic material inside in a protein shell

Macrophytes- aquatic plant grows in /near water emergent/submergent/floating

Helophytes - plant grows in marsh partly submerged in water

Holophytes - Synthesize organic compounds by Photosynthesis

Holoplankton - Permanent Plankton - Planktonic for their entire life cycle (wander or drift weakly)

Meroplankton - Temporary Plankton - Planktonic for only a part of their life cycle

Pachyderm - a very large mammal with thick skin, especially an elephant, rhinoceros, or hippopotamus.

viviparous animals: The animals which give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals.
oviparous animals: Those animals which lay eggs are called oviparous animals.
Arboreal - living in trees

Dinoflagellates are one-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar flagella and having characteristics of both plants and animals. They are primary producers in aquatic ecosystem.
Winter Kill - Snow cover of ice on waterbody make the aquatic producers devoid of Sunlight. Hence no photosynthesis. Only respiration. In shallow water bodies, oxygen depletes and fish die. We only know until ice melts and dead fish surfaces. This is called winter kill
Root types

Indicator species

Any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment.
Indicator species are ideal for biomonitoring
Examples

Indicator Species
Tubifex and some larvae	Highly polluted water and low dissolved oxygen
Molluscs	Indicate water pollution
Lichens	Bioindicators for air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide pollution Lichens have no roots, no cuticle, and acquire all their nutrients from direct exposure to the atmosphere rather than from the soil
Algae blooms	Increase of nitrates and phosphates in lakes and rivers [red/Green/Yellow color]
Amphibian	Chemicals, global warming, air pollution
Colonum Weed	Nutrient Rich soil
Cymbopogon	Poor light soil
Sedges	Ill-drained soil
Mosses and Fungi	Acidic Soil
Greasewood	Indicates saline soil
Otter	Mangroves increase; Biomagnification of contaminants
Pygmy Hog (wild pig) - E	Status of grass lands habitats
Bats, Butterflies
Sparrows	Health of Urban Ecosystems
Stoneflies	Indicate high oxygen levels in water
Sea Weed	Heavy metal pollution
Funaria hygrometrica	Moss grow well in sites with metals like copper, zinc, and lead, [ Metal polluted water]

Summary

Indicator Species	Any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment.	Ex: Lichens bioindicator of air pollution
Invasive Species	Causes other species to die and disrupts ecosystem	Ex: Water Hyacinth
Flagship Species	Species chosen to represent environmental cause(generally which is vulnerable, attractive, distinctive,	Ex: Indian Tiger, African Elephant
Umbrella Species	Wide ranging species whose requirement also include other species . Used to make conservation related decisions
Foundation Species	Dominant primary producer in that ecosystem	Ex: corals in coral reefs, Kelp in kelp forests
Key Stone Species	Whose addition to or loss from ecosystem causes major changes in abundance or occurrence of atleast another species.	Ex: Lion checks deer population

Preservation of cells and tissues by freezing
Ability of certain small molecules to enter cells and prevent dehydration and formation of intracellular ice crystals
Ex: dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol
Glycerol is used primarily for protection of RBC while dimethyl sulfoxide used for protection of other cells and tissues

is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro (glass)

As per Cartagena protocol, two sets of procedures for LMO for its direct introduction to environment - AIA, FFP

Export country to notify to Import Country about the export of LMO
Import country acknowledges to Export Country within 90 days
Import country has to take a decision and communicate it to Export country within 270 days
Once decided, party has to inform the summary of risk assessment to central information System - Biosafety Clearing House BCH

Parties that decided to approve and place LMOs in market should make public about risk info reports, relevant info� through BCH Biosafety Clearing House