Terms

Conventional and non-conventional sources of Energy

Both commercial and non-commercial sources of energy are known as conventional sources of energy. There are three other sources of energy which are commonly termed as non-conventional sources — solar energy, wind energy and tidal ower

Commercial and Non-commercial sources of energy

Sources that are bought and sold are commercial and those are found in nature/forests are non-commercial
Ex of commercial are coal, petroleum, electricity.
Ex of non-commercial are firewood, agricultural waste and dried dung
While commercial sources of energy are generally exhaustible (with the exception of hydropower), noncommercial sources are generally renewable
More than 60 per cent of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy (non-commercial) for meeting their regular cooking and heating needs.

Commercial energy consumption	74%
Non-commercial energy consumption	26%

Primary Energy, Secondary Energy and Final Energy

Primary energy consists of unconverted or original fuels. Secondary energy includes resources that have been converted or stored.
Examples of primary energy sources include petroleum, natural gas, coal, biomass, flowing water, wind, and solar radiation
Secondary energy cannot be harnessed directly from nature; rather, secondary energy is energy that has already been converted
Ex of Secondary energy are Electricity, Heat, Petroleum Products, Biofuels etc.
Final or available energy is the energy delivered to consumers for end consumption (petrol at the pump, electricity in the household, etc.).

Crude oil vs Natural Gas

Crude oil or petroleum consists of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds while natural gas consists mostly of methane and hydrocarbons or ethane.
Crude oil is also used to make cosmetics for women, plastics, rubber and the like while natural gas is used as fertilizers
Natural gas is the cleanest fuel compared to crude oil and other gases because it produces less carbon dioxide

Difference between CNG, PNG, LNG and LPG?

CNG, PNG, LNG are the same fuel, Natural Gas, in different forms for the purpose of storage and transportation.
CNG means Compressed Natural Gas - NG pressurized up to 250 Kg/cm2 for use in vehicles;
PNG means Piped Natural Gas - NG supplied to consumers through pipelines;
LNG means Liquefied Natural Gas - NG in liquid state, liquefied for the purpose of long distance transportation through ships.
Liquified Petroleum Gas - LPG is different than NG. It consists mainly of Butane & Propane.

Hydrogen- CNG

HCNG is Hydrogen enriched CNG fuel which is blend of compressed natural gas and hydrogen, typically 8-50% of Hydrogen by volume
The advantage of this HCNG is that existing natural gas engines can be used with HCNG although higher hydrogen blends require fine-tuning of vehicle engines for optimal performance (typically HCNG mixtures with 20- 30% hydrogen by volume are optimal for vehicle performance and emissions reduction)
Benefits

Different engine not required. Only some calibration required which means less emissions at low cost
Lower pollutant emissions
Improve fuel economy (increased mileage)

Challenges

Determining the optimal blending ratio of hydrogen and CNG for optimal performance
Ensuring safe infrastructure

Delhi is all set to be India’s first city to launch hydrogen enriched CNG (HCNG) buses in 2019

Biogas and Bio CNG

Biogas is primarily a mixture of methane and co2

Biogas has Methane, Co2, Nitrogen; negligible Hydrogen, Hydrogen Sulphide, Oxygen
The presence of H2S, of CO2 and water make biogas very corrosive and require the use of adapted materials
NOTE: Biogas does not contain Ethane

Bio CNG is the purified form of Biogas where all the unwanted gases are removed to produce >95% pure methane gas.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane (also Ethane)

CBG Compressed Biogas

Can be produced from biomass and organic waste sources including paddy stubble.
Compressed Bio-Gas has properties similar to the commercially available natural gas and can be used as an alternative renewable fuel

Syngas

Heating the organic matter in the absence of air which makes organic molecules thermally break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules.
Synthetic natural gas
Coal gasification: converting coal into synthetic gas

Producer gas

Also called Biomass gasification
Heating the organic matter in the restricted quantity of oxygen/air.

Type of product and its composition

Crude Oil	Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds
Natural Gas	Methane, Ethane and few hydrocarbons
Biogas	Methane, Co2, some Nitrogen [NO Ethane]
LPG	Butane & Propane
Biofuels	Biological carbon fixation Ex: Ethanol, Methanol, Gasoho, Biodiesel Biogas also under Biofuels

'Oil major'

In the maritime industry, a group of six companies that control the chartering of the majority of oil tankers worldwide are together referred to as "Oil Majors".
These are: Royal Dutch Shell, BP, Exxon Mobil, Chevron Texaco, Total Fina Elf and Conoco Phillips.
FM in his budget speech proposed to create similar Oil Major by merging and forming integrated public sector unit

National Seismic Programme (NSP)

launched by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

NOT Ministry of Earth Sciences

To better understand hydrocarbon potential of India
Survey will be conducted on all sedimentary basins

EESL Energy Efficiency Services Limited

Set up under Ministry of Power, Government of India (company ?)
Joint venture of four National Public Sector Undertakings

NTPC Limited,
Power Finance Corporation Limited,
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
POWERGRID Corporation of India Limited

It is also the implementing agency for National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency along with Bureau of Energy Efficiency

Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE

Statutory under Energy Conservation Act, 2001
Under the aegis of Ministry of Power
Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC 2017
ECO-NIWAS (Energy Conservation–New Indian Way for Affordable And Sustainable Homes < span>
Energy Labelling Programme for Appliances / BEE Star Labeling
Energy Performance Index
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency along with EESL
NOTE: Eco-Mark not by BEE but by BIS

Energy Conservation Act, 2001

Establishes Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE
Notifies Energy consuming standards for specific equipment and appliances
Mandatory display of label on notified equipments and appliances
Prohibit manufacture, sale, purchase, import of notified equipment and appliances not conforming to the standards
Notified energy intensive industries, commercial buildings
Establish standards for designated consumers
Energy audit
Energy conservation building codes

Energy Conservation Building Code ECBC 2017

Developed by Bureau of Energy Efficiency
Technical support from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under US-India bilateral Partnership to Advance Clean Energy – Deployment Technical Assistance (PACE-DTA) Program
Compliance

For a building to be considered ECBC-compliant, it would need to demonstrate minimum energy savings of 25%.

Voluntary in nature and have been accepted by 22 states with their own modifications to the codes
Applicable to Commercial buildings
Addresses the design of new, large commercial buildings to optimize the buildings energy demand based on their location in different climatic zones

ECO-NIWAS (Energy Conservation–New Indian Way for Affordabl e & Sustainable homes) portal

Bureau of Energy Efficiency under Ministry of Power
For increasing awareness about sustainable building and energy efficient homes in the country.

Hydrocarbons Exploration and Licensing Policy HELP

Replaces the existing New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP)
Objectives

Make India business and investor friendly
Double India existing oil production
Identification of areas where exploration of different hydrocarbons can be made possible.

Features

Covers all conventional and unconventional oil and gas
Single license for exploration and extraction of all types of oil and gas
Revenue sharing model under which revenue shared with Govt will be decided by bidder at the time of bidding
Open acreage policy under which companies can apply to explore any block not under exploration
Concessional royalty for deep water and ultra-deep water areas which are difficult to explore and reduction of royalty in shallow waters from 10 to 7.5 percent

HELP Vs NELP

Deep Ocean Mission DOM

DOM aims to explore the depths of the Ocean for the possibilities of deep-sea mining
Its focus will be on technologies for deep-sea mining, under water vehicles, under water robotics and ocean climate change advisory services, among others.
Key deliverables to achieve the goals

Offshore tidal energy desalination plant
Developing a submersible vehicle to explore depths of at least 6000 Meters with three people on board.

Energy Transitions Commission India ETC India

Launched by The Energy Research and Institute TERI on the sidelines of World Sustainable Development Summit 2018
It is a unique, high-level, multi-stakeholder platform with experts from diverse fields to suggest pathways for energy and electricity sector transitions in India
It will also help in a change towards low-carbon energy systems that enable robust economic development and limit the rise in global temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius

National Gas Grid

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
National Gas Grid consists of different pipeline sections to be executed by different entities having different completion time schedules.
At present about 16,500 km natural gas pipeline is operational.
Objectives

To remove regional imbalance within the country with regard to access of natural gas and provide clean and green fuel throughout the country.
To connect gas sources to major demand centres and ensure availability of gas to consumers in various sectors.
Development of City Gas Distribution Networks in various cities for supply of CNG and PNG

North East Gas Grid Project